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2.3.3 Plants

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HM’s availability in high concentrations from mining, industrial, and disposal of industrial sewage sludge is increasing the pollution problem in agriculture and in the crops grown on these soils that receive HM contaminated materials. HMs cause numerous negative effects on plants that limit their growth and yield [42, 43]. Generally, HMs affect plant growth by causing cytological disorders, disturbing metabolic processes and physiological growth [44]. Heavy metals also involved in the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), cause blocking of essential functional groups in biomolecules and displacement of essential metal ions [45, 46].

Soil Bioremediation

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