Читать книгу Developmental Psychopathology - Группа авторов - Страница 104

Regarding age, rates of attachment security are similar across development, though adolescents tend to be overrepresented in the dismissing group and very young children are more often rated as disorganized. Indeed, in a sample of fifteen‐month‐old children, 60.0% were classified as secure, 13.3% avoidant, 4.2% resistant (i.e., ambivalent), and 15% disorganized (Fraley & Spieker, 2003b), whereas in childhood, 66% were classified as secure, 28% dismissing, 3% preoccupied, and 4% disorganized (Shmueli‐Goetz, Target, Fonagy, & Data, 2008); in adolescence, approximately 52% were classified as secure (with 34.44% dismissing, 5.38% preoccupied, and 2.87% disorganized; Fearon, Shmueli‐Goetz, Viding, Fonagy, & Plomin, 2014); and in adults, 58% were rated as secure, 24% dismissing, and 18% as preoccupied (van IJzendoorn & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, 1996). In terms of gender differences, Shmueli‐Goetz et al. (2008) reported a non‐significant association between attachment and gender in middle childhood and van IJzendoor and Bakermans‐Kranenburg (1996) reported comparable attachment classifications between mothers and fathers. However, age and gender differences have been more pronounced in studies of continuously rated attachment (Fraley et al., 2011).