Читать книгу Developmental Psychopathology - Группа авторов - Страница 105

There are mixed findings regarding relations between attachment, SES, race, and ethnicity, which are further complicated by interactions between these variables. For example, Bakermans‐Kranenburg and colleagues (2004) found that African American children had significantly lower scores on a measure of attachment security than White children but that this relation was explained by income—African American ethnicity was associated with low‐income status, which affected the quality of maternal sensitivity and therefore attachment security. Thus, in this study, it was poverty, not race/ethnicity that was truly linked to decreased attachment security. This study echoes a broader link between low income and attachment insecurity (van IJzendoorn & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, 2010).

There have been concerns that the measurement of attachment is biased against non‐Western cultures. Some studies have demonstrated the overrepresentation of insecurity among children from parts of Africa, Japan, Indonesia, and Israel (see van IJzendoorn & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, 2010; van IJzendoorn & Sagi‐Schwartz, 2008). However, most evidence suggests that secure attachments are readily detected across varied cultures (van IJzendoorn & Sagi, 1999), intracultural differences are larger than intercultural differences (van IJzendoorn & Sagi‐Schwartz, 2008), and attachment styles are similar across studies conducted with many cultures and languages (van IJzendoorn & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, 2010).