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1 2 Aristotle, chapter 5 (2a11–4b19), pp. 5–12 from Categories [Categories, c.330 BC], trans. J. L. Ackrill (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963). © 1963 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

2 3 René Descartes, Part I, articles 51, 52, 54, 63; Part II, articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 22, 23, 36, 64 from Principles of Philosophy [Principia Philosophiae, 1644], pp. 210–11, 215, 223–5, 232, 240, 247 from The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I, trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). © 1985 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

3 5 Gottfried Leibniz, New System of Nature and the Communication of Substances [Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances, 1695], pp. 115–25 (with omissions) from Philosophical Writings, trans. G. H. R. Parkinson and M. Morris (London: J.M. Dent, 1973). Reproduced with permission of Everyman’s Library, an imprint of Alfred A. Knopf.

4 9a Alfred North Whitehead, Ch. 9 extracts (with minor modifications) from Science and The Modern World (New York: Macmillan, 1925). © 1925 by The Macmillan Company, renewed 1953 by Evelyn Whitehead. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 9b Alfred North Whitehead, excerpts from Part II, Ch. 10, sections I–V from Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (New York: Macmillan, 1929). © 1929 by The Macmillan Company. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 10 Martin Heidegger, §§ 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 26, 29, pp. 21, 25, 31, 32–5, 95–8, 160–1, 172–4 from Being and Time [Sein und Zeit, 1927], trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper and Row, 1962). Translation © 1962 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers and SCM Press Ltd.

7 11 Rudolf Carnap, ‘The Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language’ [Uberwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache, 1932] pp. 60–80 (abridged) from A. J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York: Free Press, 1959). First published in Erkenntnis, vol. II, trans. Arthur Pap. © 1959 by The Free Press. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 12 W. V. O. Quine, ‘On What There Is’, pp. 21–38 (abridged) from The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 2 (1948). © 1948. Reproduced with permission of The Review of Metaphysics.