Читать книгу Western Philosophy - Группа авторов - Страница 7
Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
5 Edition
7 Preface
9 Guidance for Readers and Format of the Volume
10 Introductory Essay: How to Read a Philosophical Text and How to Write about It
11 Part I Knowledge and CertaintyChapter 1: Innate Knowledge Plato, MenoChapter 2: Knowledge versus Opinion Plato, RepublicChapter 3: Demonstrative Knowledge and Its Starting points Aristotle, Posterior AnalyticsChapter 4: New Foundations for Knowledge René Descartes, MeditationsChapter 5: The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge John Locke, Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 6: Innate Knowledge Defended Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human UnderstandingChapter 7: Scepticism versus Human Nature David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 8: Experience and Understanding Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure ReasonChapter 9: From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness Georg Hegel, Phenomenology of SpiritChapter 10: Beliefs Judged by Their Practical Effects William James, What Pragmatism MeansChapter 11: Against Scepticism G. E. Moore, A Defence of Common SenseChapter 12: Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? Wilfrid Sellars, The Myth of the Given
12 Part II being and realityChapter 1: The allegory of the cave plato, RepublicChapter 2: individual substance aristotle, CategoriesChapter 3: supreme being and created things rené descartes, Principles of PhilosophyChapter 4: qualities and ideas john locke, Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 5: substance, life and activity gottfried leibniz, New SystemChapter 6: nothing outside the mind george berkeley, Principles of Human KnowledgeChapter 7: the limits of metaphysical speculation david hume, Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 8: metaphysics, old and new immanuel kant, ProlegomenaChapter 9: reality as flux alfred whitehead, Process and Reality, and Science and the Modern WorldChapter 10: being and involvement martin heidegger, Being and TimeChapter 11: the end of metaphysics? rudolf carnap, The Elimination of MetaphysicsChapter 12: the problem of ontology w. v. o. quine, On What There Is
13 Part III Language and MeaningChapter 1: The Meanings of Words Plato, CratylusChapter 2: Language and Its Acquisition Augustine, ConfessionsChapter 3: Thought, Language and Its Components William of Ockham, Writings on LogicChapter 4: Language, Reason and Animal Utterance René Descartes, Discourse on the MethodChapter 5: Abstract General Ideas John Locke, Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 6: Particular Ideas and General Meaning George Berkeley, Principles of Human KnowledgeChapter 7: Denotation versus Connotation John Stuart Mill, A System of LogicChapter 8: Names and Their Meaning Gottlob Frege, Sense and ReferenceChapter 9: Definite and Indefinite Descriptions Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical PhilosophyChapter 10: Meaning and Use Ludwig Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown BooksChapter 11: Non-descriptive Uses of Language J. L. Austin, Performative UtterancesChapter 12: How the Reference of Terms is Fixed Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity
14 Part IV Mind and BodyChapter 1: The Immortal Soul Plato, PhaedoChapter 2: Soul and Body, Form and Matter Aristotle, De AnimaChapter 3: The Human Soul Thomas Aquinas, Summa TheologiaeChapter 4: The Non-material Mind or Soul and Its Relation to the Body René Descartes, Discourse and MeditationsChapter 5: The Identity of Mind and Body Benedict Spinoza, EthicsChapter 6: Mind–Body Correlations Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on MetaphysicsChapter 7: Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and IdeaChapter 8: The Problem of Other Minds John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s PhilosophyChapter 9: The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical StandpointChapter 10: The Myth of the ‘Ghost in the Machine’ Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of MindChapter 11: Mental States as Functional States Hilary Putnam, Psychological PredicatesChapter 12: The Subjective Dimension of Consciousness Thomas Nagel, What is it Like to be a Bat?
15 Part V The Self and Freedom(a) The SelfChapter 1: the self and consciousness John locke, Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 2: the self as primitive concept Joseph butler, Of Personal IdentityChapter 3: the self as bundle David hume, A Treatise of Human NatureChapter 4: the partly hidden self Sigmund freud, Introductory Lectures on PsychoanalysisChapter 5: liberation from the self Derek parfit, Reasons and PersonsChapter 6: selfhood and narrative understanding Charles taylor, Sources of the Self(b) FreedomChapter 7: human freedom and divine providence augustine, The City of GodChapter 8: freedom to do what we want Thomas hobbes, Liberty, Necessity and ChanceChapter 9: free will as the power of rational agency Thomas reid, Essays on the Active Powers of ManChapter 10: absolute determinism Pierre-Simon de laplace, Philosophical Essay on ProbabilityChapter 11: condemned to be free Jean-Paul sartre, Being and NothingnessChapter 12: Freedom, Responsibility and the Ability to Do Otherwise Harry G. Frankfurt, Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility
16 Part VI God and ReligionChapter 1: God Cannot Be Thought Not to Exist Anselm of Canterbury, ProslogionChapter 2: The Five Proofs of God Thomas Aquinas, Summa TheologiaeChapter 3: God as Source of My Idea of the Infinite René Descartes, MeditationsChapter 4: God’s Existence Derived from His Nature or Essence René Descartes, MeditationsChapter 5: The Wager Blaise Pascal, PenséesChapter 6: The problem of Evil Gottfried Leibniz, TheodicyChapter 7: The Argument from Design David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural ReligionChapter 8: Against Miracles David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 9: Faith and Subjectivity Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific PostscriptChapter 10: Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis William James, The Will to BelieveChapter 11: The Meaning of Religious Language John Wisdom, GodsChapter 12: Many Paths to the Same Ultimate Reality? John Hick, Problems of Religious Pluralism
17 Part VII Science and MethodChapter 1: four types of explanation aristotle, PhysicsChapter 2: experimental methods and true causes francis bacon, Novum OrganumChapter 3: Mathematical science and the control of nature René descartes, Discourse on the MethodChapter 4: The limits of scientific explanation George berkeley, On MotionChapter 5: the problem of induction David hume, Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 6: the relation between cause and effect David hume, Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingChapter 7: causality and our experience of events Immanuel kant, Critique of Pure ReasonChapter 8: the uniformity of nature John Stuart mill, System of LogicChapter 9: science and falsifiability Karl popper, Conjectures and RefutationsChapter 10: how explaining works Carl G. hempel, Explanation in Science and HistoryChapter 11: scientific realism versus instrumentalism Grover maxwell, The Ontological Status of Theoretical EntitiesChapter 12: change and crisis in science Thomas kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
18 Part VIII Morality and the Good LifeChapter 1: morality and happiness plato, RepublicChapter 2: ethical virtue aristotle, Nicomachean EthicsChapter 3: morality and natural law aquinas, Summa TheologiaeChapter 4: virtue, reason and the passions Benedict spinoza, EthicsChapter 5: human feeling as the source of ethics David hume, Enquiry Concerning the Principles of MoralsChapter 6: duty and reason as the Ultimate Principle Immanuel kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of MoralsChapter 7: happiness as the foundation of morality John Stuart mill, UtilitarianismChapter 8: utility and common-sense morality Henry sidgwick, Methods of EthicsChapter 9: against conventional morality Friedrich nietzsche, Beyond Good and EvilChapter 10: duty and intuition w. d. ross, The Right and the GoodChapter 11: ethics as Rooted in history and culture Alasdair macintyre, After VirtueChapter 12: could ethics be objective? Bernard williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy
19 Part IX Problems in EthicsChapter 1: Inequality, Freedom and Slavery Aristotle, PoliticsChapter 2: War and Justice Thomas Aquinas, Summa TheologiaeChapter 3: Taking One’s Own Life David Hume, On SuicideChapter 4: Gender, Liberty and Equality Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of WomenChapter 5: Partiality and Favouritism William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political JusticeChapter 6: The Status of Non-human Animals Immanuel Kant, Lectures on EthicsChapter 7: The Purpose of Punishment Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and LegislationChapter 8: Our Relationship to the Environment Aldo Leopold, The Land EthicChapter 9: Abortion and Rights Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, and Patrick Lee & Robert P. George, The Wrong of AbortionChapter 10: The Relief of Global Suffering Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence and MoralityChapter 11: Medical Ethics and the Termination of Life James Rachels, Active and Passive EuthanasiaChapter 12: Cloning, Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering Leon R. Kass, The Wisdom of Repugnance
20 Part X Authority and the StateChapter 1: Our Obligation to Respect the laws of the state plato, CritoChapter 2: The Just Ruler Thomas aquinas, On Princely GovernmentChapter 3: Power and Control Niccolò machiavelli, The PrinceChapter 4: Sovereignty and Security Thomas hobbes, LeviathanChapter 5: Consent and Political Obligation John locke, Second Treatise of Civil GovernmentChapter 6: Against Contractarianism David hume, Of the Original ContractChapter 7: Society and the Individual Jean-Jacques rousseau, The Social ContractChapter 8: The Unified State – From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination Georg hegel, The Philosophy of RightChapter 9: Property, Labour and Alienation Karl marx and Friedrich engels, The German IdeologyChapter 10: The Limits of Majority Rule John Stuart mill, On LibertyChapter 11: Rational Choice and Fairness John rawls, A Theory of JusticeChapter 12: The Minimal State Robert nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia
21 Part XI Beauty and ArtChapter 1: art and imitation plato, RepublicChapter 2: The Nature and Function of dramatic art aristotle, PoeticsChapter 3: the idea of beauty Francis hutcheson, Inquiry Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, DesignChapter 4: aesthetic appreciation David hume, Of the Standard of TasteChapter 5: the concept of the beautiful Immanuel kant, Critique of JudgementChapter 6: the metaphysics of beauty Arthur schopenhauer, On AestheticsChapter 7: the two faces of art Friedrich nietzsche, The Birth of TragedyChapter 8: the value of art Leo tolstoy, What Is Art?Chapter 9: imagination and art Jean-Paul sartre, The Psychology of ImaginationChapter 10: what is aesthetics? Ludwig wittgenstein, Lectures on AestheticsChapter 11: the meaning of a literary work W. K. wimsatt jr. and M. C. beardsley, The Intentional FallacyChapter 12: the basis of judgements of taste Frank sibley, Aesthetic Concepts
22 Part XII Human Life and Its MeaningChapter 1: How to Accept Reality and Avoid Fear Lucretius, On the Nature of the UniverseChapter 2: Life Guided by Stoic Philosophy Seneca, Moral LettersChapter 3: Meaning through Service to Others Augustine, ConfessionsChapter 4: Contentment with the Human Lot Michel de Montaigne, On ExperienceChapter 5: The Human Condition, Wretched yet Redeemable Blaise Pascal, PenséesChapter 6: Human Life as a Meaningless Struggle Arthur Schopenhauer, On the Vanity of ExistenceChapter 7: The Death of God and the Ascendancy of the Will Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake ZarathustraChapter 8: Idealism in a Godless Universe Bertrand Russell, A Free Man’s WorshipChapter 9: Futility and Defiance Albert Camus, The Myth of SisyphusChapter 10: Involvement versus Detachment Thomas Nagel, The AbsurdChapter 11: Religious Belief as Necessary for Meaning William Lane Craig, The Absurdity of Life without GodChapter 12: Seeing Our Lives as Part of the Process Robert Nozick, Philosophy’s Life
23 Background Reading and Reference
25 Index
