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1 6 Immanuel Kant, extracts from chapters 1 and 2 from Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals [Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785], from trans. H. J. Paton, The Moral Law (London: Hutchinson, 1948). © 1948. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK.

2 9 Friedrich Nietzsche, pp. 26, 29, 32, 33, 39, 186, 201, 203 from Beyond Good & Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future [Jenseits von Gut und Böse, 1886], trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1966). © 1966 by Penguin Random House LLC. Used by permission of Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.

3 10 W. D. Ross, chapter II from ‘What Makes Right Acts Right?’, pp. 16–24 (with omissions) from The Right and the Good (Oxford: Clarendon, 1930). © 1930 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

4 11 Alasdair MacIntyre, extracts from chapter 6, pp. 62–8 and chapter 15, pp. 216–24, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1981; 2nd edn 1985).

5 12 Bernard Williams, excerpts from chapter 8 ‘Knowledge, Science, Convergence’, pp. 135–55 from Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (London: Collins/Fontana, 1985). © 1985 by Taylor & Francis Books UK. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Group.