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1 2 Aristotle, extracts from Book I, chapters 1 and 4; Book II, chapters 1–3, De Anima [c. 325 BC], pp. 1–16 from D. W. Hamlyn (ed. and trans.), Aristotle’s De Anima, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968). © 1968 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

2 4 René Descartes, pp. 17–19 and 51–9 (with omissions) from Meditations on First Philosophy [Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, 1641], trans. John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, rev. edn 1996). © 1986 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

3 9 Franz Brentano, extracts from Book II, chapter 1 from Linda L. McAlister (ed. and trans.), Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint [Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874] (London: Routledge, 1974). © 1974 by Taylor & Francis Books UK. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Group.

4 10 Gilbert Ryle, extracts from chapters 1 and 7 from The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949). © 1949. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK and the Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, University of Oxford.

5 11 Hilary Putnam, ‘Psychological Predicates’, in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill (ed.), Art, Mind, and Religion (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967). © 1967. Reproduced with permission of the University of Pittsburgh Press.