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North American Agroforestry

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Страница 7 North American Agroforestry Страница 9 Preface Acknowledgments Страница 12 1 Agroforestry as an Integrated, Multifunctional Land Use Management Strategy Land use Management Systems in North America Basic Principles Influencing Management Systems Evolution of Management Systems Evolution of North American Agroforestry Opportunities for Agroforestry Opportunities for Practical Application Ecological Economic Social Opportunities for Institutional Development Academic Institutions Government Agencies Private Organizations Opportunities for the Scientific Community Opportunities for the Development of New Knowledge Systems Progress to Date and Challenges Ahead Basic Challenges and Progress Inherent Constraints Being Overcome Evolving Infrastructure Agroforestry as an Applied Science Research and Development University Education Professional and Practitioner Training Identification and Support of Practitioners Future Needs References Study Questions 2 Agroforestry Nomenclature, Concepts and Practices Native American Agroforestry Agroforestry as a Science Definition and Practices Definition Criteria Practices Riparian and Upland Buffers Windbreaks Alley Cropping Silvopasture Forest Farming Urban Food Forests Is it Agroforestry? Special Forest Products Nut Plantations and Fruit Orchards Managed Intensive Rotational Grazing Agroforestry in the Landscape Departures from Traditional Agroforestry Nomenclature Nature of Components Arrangement of Components Functional Role Agroecological Zone Social and Economic Features Perspectives on U.S. and Canadian Agroforestry Agroforestry at the Practice Level Agroforestry at the Science Level Agroforestry Concepts References Study Questions 3 An Agroecological Foundation for Temperate Agroforestry Ecological Interactions in Mixed Tree and Herb Systems Categories of Systems Closed‐Canopy Mesic Forests Disturbance Patches and Early Successional Systems Xeric and Transitional Forests Ribbon Forests and Windbreaks Riparian Forests Isolated Grasslands General Ecological Principles Indicators of Agroecosystem Sustainability Ecological Goods and Services Conclusions Acknowledgments References Appendix 3‐1 4 Tree–Crop Interactions in Temperate Agroforestry Species Coexistence and Ecological Interactions Competitive Interactions—Aboveground Competition for light Herbivory and physical damage Facilitative Interactions—Aboveground Modification of the microclimate Enhancing beneficial insect populations Improving Wildlife Habitat Competitive Interactions—Belowground Competition for water Competition for nutrients Allelopathy Facilitative Interactions—Belowground Hydraulic lift Dinitrogen fixation Root plasticity Safety net role The Future Conclusion References Study Questions Страница 104{buyButton}

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