Читать книгу Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment - Группа авторов - Страница 76

Lignocellulosic biomass, a second-generation (2G) feedstock, is an abundantly available agricultural residue that generates cellulosic ethanol as renewable biomass and ethanol fuel [31] (Table 3.1). Limitation behind this type of biomass conversion includes expensive pretreatment and hydrolysis (specifically via enzymes), lack of pentose and hexose simultaneously saccharifying potential microorganisms. Nowadays, the Indian government wants to establish ethanol production from the non-feedstock substrate (Figure 3.6) rather than first-generation biomass like sugarcane. Second-generation biomass involved in 2G ethanol production in India includes rice straw (47%), cotton stalk (11%), and municipal solid waste (MSW), wheat stalk, soya stalk, bagasse, maize, bamboo, and corn cob (each 6%) utilized as a renewable resource [33].

Figure 3.5 Sustainable renewable energy production from various biomass resources in states of India in 2020 [4].

Figure 3.6 Biomass utilization in India (2019-20) for production of second-generation ethanol (2G) [33].

Table 3.1 List of first-generation (1G) and second-generation (2G) biomass, the process of conversion and biofuel products [27, 32, 34–39].

Types of biomass	Biomass	Process of conversion	Biofuel products	Reactor/fermentation process	Reference
Sugar and starch-based biomass (first-generation - 1G)	cassava bagasse from the cassava starch industry with steep corn liquor	Dilute acid pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis (glucoamylases and cellulases)	n-butanol	fibrous-bed bioreactor	[32]
Sweet potato with dairy cattle manure	Anaerobic co-digestion	Biogas	Semi-continuous digesters	[34]
sugarcane molasses	Anaerobic fermentation by Bacillus species (mesophilic condition)	Biofuel (ethanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid)	-	[35]
Lignocellulosic biomass (Second generation - 2G)	Paddy straw supplemented with fruit waste	Alkali treatment with 2% NaOH/ Hydrolysis by Commercial cellulase enzymes (Palkonol and Palkosoft)/ fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 and Candida sp.	Bioethanol	SSCF	[27]
	Cassava stem, leaves, and peels	Microwave (MW)assisted alkali pretreatment (300 W, 7 min)/Hydrolysis by triple enzyme cocktail with detoxification/ fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Bioethanol	SHF	[36]
	Napier grass	Hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei/fermented by Zymomonas mobilis	Bioethanol	SSCF	[37]
	Sugarcane trash	Crude glycerol assisted transition metal and alkali pre-treatment/ hydrolysis by commercial cellulase/fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Bioethanol	-	[38]
	Taro waste (TW)	Hydrolysis by α- amylase from Bacillus licheniformis amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger/fermented by Kluyveromyces marxianus K21	Bioethanol	SSF/SHF	[39]

Table 3.2 Agencies involved in the production of second-generation ethanol (2G) 100 kilo Liter/day in India (2019-20) by use of rice straw [33].

Companies	Cities	States
IOCL	Panipat	Haryana
Gorakhpur	Uttar Pradesh
BPCL	Bargarh	Odisha
Bhandara	Maharashtra
HPCL	Bhatinda	Punjab
Badaun	Uttar Pradesh
Muzzafarpur	Bihar
East and West Godavari	Arunachal Pradesh

Several agencies such as IOCL, BPCL, HPCL, NRL, and MRPL in India are involved in 2G ethanol production (Table 3.2). Among these agencies, IOCL, BPCL, and HPCL in India’s different states produce a maximum 2G ethanol of 100 Kilo liter/day from rice straw [33].