Читать книгу Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment - Группа авторов - Страница 87

Torrefaction is a low-temperature (under 400 °C) process of biomass and bio-solid pyrolysis that results in bio-coal, charcoal, and torrefied production biomass. This method creates energy carriers with hydrophobic properties and high calorific content. When heated to high temperatures in an inert environment, Biomass converts carbon-based energy-rich in carbon by carbonization. However, an outdated method is still in usage as it paves the way for commercialization and scientific implementation [81]. Hydrothermal carbonization is a promising technology for complete wastewater treatment without the dryness process and any discharge of waste. Often it is carried out at high pressure or moderate temperatures in the presence of water [5]. This conversion process yields carbon-rich hydrochar, solid fuel with high-density material, and process water with high organic content [75]. Even at low temperatures, Torrefaction extracts chlorine from biomass that induces metal corrosion when treated by combustion or gasification processes [82].

This process increases the biofuel properties of biomass in the energy field. Due to less awareness about its method and technology, Torrefaction is still progressing in biomass conversion. Nunes, 2020 [83] was the first to record large-scale industrialization of torrefied biomass. They investigated the criteria for biomass torrefaction processing in large-scale industry: large unit size, reaction kinetics, optimized residence time and temperature, unit technical activity management [83]. However, studies on the relationship between different biomass and torrefaction processes and integrated tasks with biomass pre-processing systems are still required. Agroforest residues, such as almond shells, kiwifruit pruning, vine pruning, olive pomace, pinewood chips, and eucalyptus wood chips, all have a high potential for a large-scale torrefaction process at 300 AC for energy synthesis [84].