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4.4.4 Natural Products and Herbal Medicines

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While OAT‐inhibition research has mainly focused on drugs, metabolites, and toxicants, there has recently been interest in the role of OATs in handling traditional Chinese medicines, flavonoids, and natural products [134–136].From a structural perspective, these compounds differ from the traditional OAT substrates, as they are typically larger and more complex. Nonetheless, multiple in vitro studies using cells over‐expressing OATs have been published. OAT1 and OAT3 have similar profiles with respect to natural products and have both been shown to interact with ginkgolic acid, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, gincompounds such as 18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid, apigenin, wogonin, luteolin, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, and several others [137–141].There are some metabolites that appear to be more specific toward a certain transporter, however, as Oat3 is uniquely associated with epicatechin gallate [142] and OAT4 is uniquely associated with catechin [137]. Considering that many of these compounds are important in traditional Chinese medicine or present in common dietary items, it is important to understand that their interactions with OATs.

Drug Transporters

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