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6.2 Determination of Arsenic Concentration in Human Scalp Hair for the Diagnosis of Arsenicosis Disease 6.2.1 Background

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Drinking arsenic (As) contaminated water is the main cause of arsenicosis disease, that ultimately leads to a very painful death for the patient. As poisoning or arsenicosis is a medical condition that occurs due to elevated levels of As in the body. According to WHO the safe limit for As in drinking water is 10 μg/l and according to the government of Bangladesh’s standard it is 50 μg/l [1, 2]. Different studies showed that if a person drinks water with an As concentration more than 150 μg/l, the poisoning can enhance mortality in patients dealing with chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes by around 64%. Nevertheless, it can also be dangerous for patients suffering from normal, non‐chronic diseases.

The occurrence of arsenic disease (arsenicosis) depends on the ingestion of As compounds and their excretion from the body. Generally As enters the human body in three different ways: (i) inhalation‐by air, (ii) ingestion by water and food, (iii) absorption through skin. It has been reported that 40–60% of As can be retained by the human body after entering into the body[3]. There are many reasons which cumulatively are responsible for the development of the symptoms of arsenicosis disease, viz.; exposure time, the body’s ability to defend against disease, food habits, concentration of As uptake by individuals, duration etc. and generally it is assumed that 2–20 years time is required to develop the symptoms of the disease [4].

X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences

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