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2.3.2 Biocontrol Mechanism in the Endosphere

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Endophytes produce various substances that directly help enhance the growth of the host plant and discourage phytopathogens and plant pests’ survival. These metabolites could be antibiotics, siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and toxins [52]. Antimicrobial activity has been reported for endophytic Pseudomonas putida (PpBP25) in black pepper with aggressive action against plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici and Radopholus similis [52]. The most common genera with antagonistic activity against phytopathogens include Bacillus, Enterobacter, Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Paenibacillus [53,54].

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