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Leaf exudates are carbon sources for both resident microbiota and pathogens, which allow plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interaction. Competition for carbon source determines the phyllosphere community; for example, methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii in Arabidopsis thaliana and Methylobacterium extorquens in the rice phyllosphere can metabolize methanol compounds emitted by plant leaves and survive on the leaves [95,96].