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2.4.1 Microbial Population in the Phyllosphere

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Microbial populations associated with aerial parts of plants have been known as epiphytes [87]. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Firmicutes are consistent microbial phylotypes [88]. 16S rRNA sequencing has provided information about important phyllosphere colonizing bacteria, including diazotrophic and methylotrophic bacteria viz., Beijerinckia and Methylobacterium that consume nitrogen and methanol compounds, respectively [89]. Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas are the most dominant genera in the phyllosphere microbial diversity, which possess specific adaptation factors to the phyllosphere [90,91]. For instance, the Sphingomonas spp. manage to survive in a nutrient-deficient environment by metabolizing many carbon sources [90]. Similarly, Pseudomonas spp. can move at auspicious sites by using flagellar motility [92]. The most enriched fungal communities in the phyllosphere are Ascomycota and basidiomycetous yeasts, and the most common genera are Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, and Taphrina [85].

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