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Studying the animal body is a complex activity. There are six branches of science that deal with the study of the body: anatomy, physiology, pathology, embryology, histology, and biology. We will define each of these branches even though this course focus mainly on anatomy and physiology.

Figure 3.10 Bones of the hindlimb.

Source: Courtesy of Jennifer Smith, LVT.

 Anatomy – the study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts. Examination of the structures of various animal species is referred to as comparative anatomy.

 Physiology – the study of the normal functions and activities of organisms.

 Pathology – the study of the causes and effects of diseases or injury.

 Embryology – the study of the origin and development of an individual organism. It begins after conception, or fertilization of the egg, and continues through parturition, or birth.

 Histology – the microscopic study of the minute structure, composition, and function of cells and tissues.

 Biology – the study of all forms of life.