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The place of a consonantal obstruction is determined by the configuration of the tongue, lips, and teeth, as shown in Table 4.2. Notice that the places listed in the first column of the table are given with their full names, but in reference to the English sound system it is acceptable to omit the parts in parentheses because they are redundant. For instance, there are no velar sounds in English that are not dorso‐velar, so velar alone captures the essential information.

Bilabials are produced by using two lips, as is the case for the /p/ of pay. Labiodentals such as /f/ involve the upper teeth and lower lip, while in apico‐dentals like the /θ/ sound at the beginning of thin, the apex of the tongue comes close to the teeth. Apico‐alveolars also involve the tongue apex, except that for these sounds the constriction is at the alveolar ridge, as in the /t/ in tin. In palato‐alveolars, such as the /ʃ/ at the beginning of show, the lamina of the tongue is used and the point of constriction is slightly farther back, in the palatal region. For dorso‐velars, including the /k/ in king, the constriction involves the dorsum of the tongue and the VELUM.

An unusual place of articulation is used for the /h/ in hit, which does not involve the tongue, teeth, or lips. This consonant is referred to as GLOTTAL, because the vocal folds are partially adducted so that air passing through the GLOTTIS creates the same type of noise used in whisper. When a speaker produces /h/, the tongue and lips normally take the position needed for the vowel that comes afterward.

Table 4.2 Places of articulation for English Consonants

Place	Articulators	Speech Sounds
Bilabial	Both lips	/p/, /b/, /m/
Labiodental	Top teeth + lower lip	/f/, /v/
(Apico) dental	Tongue apex + teeth	/θ/, /ð/
(Apico) alveolar	Tongue apex + alveolar ridge	/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/
Palato‐alveolar	Tongue lamina + back of alveolar ridge	/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/
(Dorso) velar	Tongue dorsum + velum	/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/
Glottal	Glottis	/h/

Figure 4.1 Lip configurations showing coarticulation