Читать книгу Applying Phonetics - Murray J. Munro - Страница 60

As explained in Chapter 3, most speech sounds use a PULMONIC EGRESSIVE airstream, meaning that they are produced using air as it moves outward (egressive) from the lungs (pulmonic). The IPA Chart has a separate section giving the symbols for three types of non‐pulmonic consonants that were mentioned in Chapter 3. One type uses the glottalic mechanism—upward movement of the larynx—to push air outward and generate EJECTIVE sounds. Sounds of this type are common in the Indigenous languages of the Americas, but they also occur elsewhere around the world. Tlingit, spoken from Alaska south into British Columbia, is particularly remarkable in having a large inventory of ejectives (Maddieson, Smith, & Bessell, 2001). These include voiceless ejective stops at alveolar, velar, and UVULAR places of articulation: /t'/, /k'/, and /q'/. In addition, Tlingit has alveolar, velar, and uvular ejective fricatives, /s'/, /x'/, and /χ'/, and two ejective affricates, /ts'/ and /tʃ'/. In case you are not already impressed, it has other even more complex ejective articulations that we won't go into here!

Chapter 3 also introduced the velaric production mechanism, which relies on two closures in the oral cavity that are released in such a way as to produce clicks . Though we don't use clicks for linguistic communication in English, you are probably familiar with some of them as non‐speech articulations, such as the click used to urge on a horse. Linguistically, this is a type of alveolar lateral click, represented by the symbol /ǁ/, and occurring as a true speech sound in Xhosa, a language of South Africa. Other places of articulation for clicks include bilabial /ʘ/, postalveolar /!/, and palato‐alveolar /ǂ/.

You may recall that implosives entail a rapid downward movement of the larynx, which results in INGRESSIVE airflow. Most Vietnamese speakers use voiced implosives at three places of articulation: // bilabial, // alveolar, and /ɠ/ velar.