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An important difference among English dialects around the world concerns the use of RHOTIC vowels. These are often referred to as r‐colored vowels, because their quality is influenced by an /ɹ/ articulation that follows. DIALECTS in English are considered either rhotic or non‐rhotic, depending on whether or not they include these vowels in their inventories. Most speakers in the United States, Canada, and Ireland have the rhotic vowel /ɝ/ in stressed syllables as in furnish, along with /ɚ/ in unstressed syllables as in teacher . These are shown in Table 4.5. In contrast, some speakers in the Eastern United States and most speakers in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand speak non‐rhotic varieties.

Table 4.4 Monophthongs used in North America

	Front	Central	Back
	Tense	Lax	Lax	Lax	Tense
High	/i/ beat	/ɪ/ bit		/ʊ/ book	/u/ boot
Mid		/ɛ/ bet	/ə/ sofa	/ʌ/ butt	/ɔ/ caught a
Low	/æ/ bat		/ɑ/ cot

^a Many speakers do not have this vowel in their inventory of monophthongs.

Table 4.5 Rhotic Vowels of English

Rhotic Vowel	Description	Occurrence	Example Words
/ɝ/	Mid central	Stressed syllables	bird, furnish, perfect
/ɚ/	Mid central	Unstressed syllables	teacher , Internet, liquor

Table 4.6 Diphthongs used in North America