Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 244

802 This probably stood near the site of the town of Tarifa of the present day.

803 Probably the point called ‘Punta del Sainar’ at the present day.

804 Now called Ximiera, Jebel-el-Mina, or Monte del Hacho.

805 The Rock of Gibraltar.

806 The fable was that they originally formed one mountain, which was torn asunder by Hercules, or as Pliny says, “dug through.”

807 This was the opinion of Herodotus, but it had been so strenuously combated by Polybius and other writers before the time of Pliny, that it is difficult to imagine how he should countenance it.

808 He probably alludes to Leucopetra, now called Capo dell’ Armi. Locri Epizephyrii was a town of Bruttium, situate north of the promontory of Zephyrium, now called Capo di Bruzzano.

809 So called from the Bætis, now the Guadalquivir or Great River.

810 The situation of this town is not known, but it is supposed to have been about five leagues from the present city of Mujacar, or Moxacar. It was situate on the Sinus Urgitanus.

811 So called from the city of Tarraco, on the site of the present Tarragona.

812 Corresponding nearly in extent with the present kingdom of Portugal.

813 Now Gaudiana, a corruption of the Arabic Wadi Ana, “the river Ana.”

814 According to Hardouin this place is the modern town of Montiel, but Pinet and D’Anville make it the same as Alhambra.

815 According to modern writers it conceals itself in this manner for a distance of fifteen miles.

816 From the Balearic Channel to the Gulf of Gascony or Bay of Biscay.

817 Probably the Sierra Nevada is meant by this name; Hardouin considers it the same as the Sierra de los Vertientes.

818 Probably the Sierra Morena.

819 The Monte de Toledo.

820 The Sierra de las Asturias.

821 The present Cadiz. It was originally a Phœnician colony.

822 Now Cordova.

823 Now Ecija.

824 Now Seville.

825 The Roman colonies or colonies “civium Romanorum” are those here meant. The colonists in such case enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizens, the town in which they lived being founded under the supervision of the Roman magistracy.

826 “Municipia.” These were towns in conquered countries which were not founded by the Romans, but whose inhabitants retained their original institutions, at the same time receiving certain of the rights of Roman citizens; most frequently, immunity to a greater or less degree from payment of tribute.

827 “Latium;” also called “Jus Latii” and “Latinitas.” This was the name given to those circumscribed or limited rights as Roman citizens which were at first bestowed upon the conquered states of Italy, before the time of the Social War. Indeed the Latinus held a kind of intermediate state between the Civis Romanus with all his rights, and the peregrinus or foreigner with all his disabilities. These Latin rights were afterwards extended to the people of other countries, but retained their original name.

828 The free towns were those, the inhabitants of which were at liberty to enjoy their ancient institutions and modes of internal government, though at the same time they enjoyed none of the privileges of Roman citizens.

829 “Fœderati civitates;” the inhabitants of which were called ‘fœderati’ or ‘socii.’ They were in alliance with the Romans, but in some cases paid them tribute in the same manner as the ‘stipendiaria’ next mentioned. In some instances they also enjoyed the Latin rights.

830 From the numerous creeks or æstuaries with which the coast is here indented. Commentators are at a loss for the site of the town of Onoba (or Ossonoba according to some readings). D’Anville considers it to be the same with the present town of Moguer; other commentators have suggested Gibraleon, and the vicinity of Palos.

831 The Odiel and the Tinto; the Urium being supposed to be the same with the Tinto of the present day.

832 Some readings have “Hareni montes,” and others “Arenæ montes,” the “mountains of sand.” There is no doubt that the sandy heights or downs on this coast are here meant, which are called at the present day “Dunes” by the French, and by the natives “Arenas gordas.”

833 Probably the line of sea-shore between Roia and the city of Cadiz, skirting the Bay of Cadiz. Hardouin however thinks that the coast between the Guadalquivir and the Guadalete is meant, now occupied in part by the town of San Lucar de Barameda.

834 In the Fourth Book, c. 36.

835 The present Cape Trafalgar.

836 Hardouin says that the present Vejer is the place meant, while others have suggested Puerto de Santa Maria, or Cantillana. Others again identify it with Bejer de la Frontera, though that place probably lies too far inland. The Roman ruins near Porto Barbato were probably its site.

837 Hardouin and other commentators suggest that the site of the present Tarifa is here meant; it is more probable however that D’Anville is right in suggesting the now deserted town of Bolonia.

838 Probably the present Tarifa.

839 The exact site of Carteia is unknown; but it is generally supposed to have stood upon the bay which opens out of the straits on the west of the Rock of Gibraltar, now called the Bay of Algesiras or Gibraltar; and upon the hill at the head of the bay of El Rocadillo, about half-way between Algesiras and Gibraltar.

840 We learn also from Strabo, that Tartessus was the same place as Carteia; it is not improbable that the former was pretty nearly the Phœnician name of the place, and the latter a Roman corruption of it, and that in it originated the ‘Tarshish’ of Scripture, an appellation apparently given to the whole of the southern part of the Spanish peninsula. Probably the Greeks preserved the appellation of the place more in conformity with the original Phœnician name.

841 By the “inland sea” Pliny means the Mediterranean, in contradistinction to the Atlantic Ocean without the Straits of Cadiz.

842 The ruins of this place, probably, are still to be seen on the east bank of the river Guadiaro, here alluded to.

843 With its river flowing by it. This place is probably the present Marbella, situate on the Rio Verde.

844 Probably the present Castillo de Torremolinos, or else Castillo de Fuengirola.

845 The present city of Malaga. Hardouin thinks that the river Guadalquivirejo is here meant, but as that is some miles distant from the city, it is more probable that Guadalmedina, which is much nearer to it, is the stream alluded to.

846 Not improbably Velez Malaga, upon a river of the same name. Hardouin thinks that the place is the modern Torrox on the Fiu Frio, and D’Anville the present city of Almunecar, on the Rio Verde.

847 Most probably the present Almunecar, but it is uncertain. D’Anville says the present Torre de Banas; others have suggested the town of Motril.

848 Now Salobrena.

849 Either the present Adra or Abdera: it is uncertain which.

850 Probably the present Mujacar. D’Anville suggests Almeria.

851 Also called Bastitani, a mixed race, partly Iberian and partly Phœnician.

852 The Greek Λύσσα, “frantic rage” or “madness.” The etymologies here suggested are puerile in the extreme.

853 Plutarch, quoting from the Twelfth Book of the Iberica of Sosthenes, tells us that, “After Bacchus had conquered Iberia [the present Spain], he left Pan to act as his deputy, and he changed its name and called the country Pania, after himself, which afterwards became corrupted into Spania.”

854 He alludes to the expedition of Hercules into Spain, of which Diodorus Siculus makes mention; also his courtship of the nymph Pyrene, the daughter of Bebryx, who was buried by him on the Pyrenæan mountains, which thence derived their name.

855 It is unknown where this town was situate; Hardouin and D’Anville think it was on the site of the present village of San Thome, once an episcopal see, now removed to Jaen. The people of Mentisa, mentioned in c. 4, were probably inhabitants of a different place. D’Anville in his map has two Mentisas, one ‘Oretana,’ the other ‘Bastitana.’

856 According to D’Anville, the place now called Toia.

857 Now the Segura.

858 ‘Nova’ or ‘New’ Carthage, so called from having been originally founded by a colony of Carthaginians B.C. 242. It was situate a little to the west of the Saturni Promontorium, or Promontory of Palos. It was taken by Scipio Africanus the elder B.C. 210.

859 The present Lorca.

860 This place is even now called by the inhabitants Sepulcro de Scipion. Cneius Cornelius Scipio Calvus, after the defeat of his brother P. Cornelius Scipio, in the year B.C. 211, by the forces of Asdrubal and Mago, fled to a tower at this spot, which was set fire to by the troops of Asdrubal, and he perished in the flames.

861 So called from the town of Ossigi afterwards mentioned.

862 It is unknown where this place stood; Medina Sidonia has been suggested.

863 Probably the present Fuentes del Rey, between Andujar and Jaen, according to Pinet.

864 D’Anville suggests that this is the present Arjona; but more probably it was the village of Arjonilla, two leagues south of Andujar. Gruter has an inscription found here, “MUNIC. ALBENSE URGANON.”

865 There were five cities of this name in Spain. Hardouin thinks that this is the modern Alcala la Real, between Granada and Cordova.

866 Most probably the modern Sierra de Elvira, though some writers have suggested the city of Granada.

867 Probably near the modern Montilla. Hardouin takes it to be the present Granada.

868 Poinsinet thinks that this is the present Ecija, but other writers take it to be Alhama, between Granada and Malaga.

869 Perhaps the present Archidona. Some writers have suggested the modern Faventia and Velez.

870 Probably near the present Puente de Don Gonzalo, on the banks of the Rio Genil.

871 Probably near Aguilar on the river Cabra; or else the present Teba, between Osuna and Antequera.

872 Agla the Less.

873 Probably the present Cabra. The sites of the two preceding towns are not known.

874 “The Encampment in the Vineyards.” Probably this was the same as the Castra Postumiana mentioned by Hirtius in his Book on the Spanish War as being four miles from Attegua. It appears to be the present Castro, or Castro el Rio, situate on the banks of the river Guadajoz.

875 In some readings “Episibrium.” Probably the present Espeja.

876 Its present site is unknown.

877 According to D’Anville, the present Puente de Pinos, six leagues north of Granada. Others take it to be Illora, south of Alcala la Real.

878 The present Huesca, according to Hardouin; more probably, however, Huector, on the banks of the river Genil.

879 Perhaps Escusar, five leagues from Granada. But according to some it is the same as Truelo or Eruelo.

880 Called Ucubis by Hirtius. Morales suggests that it is Sierra la Ronda, but Pinet says Stoponda.

881 The sites of this and the preceding place are unknown.

882 In relation to the ‘conventus juridicus,’ we may here observe that under the Roman sway, in order to facilitate the administration of justice, a province was divided into a number of districts or circuits, each of which was so called, as also ‘forum’ or ‘jurisdictio’. At certain times of the year fixed by the proconsul or chief magistrate, the people assembled in the chief town of the district (whence the name ‘conventus’), upon which judges were selected to try the causes of litigant parties.

883 Probably near the town at the present day called Espelui. Strabo, in Book iii., tells us that Laconian institutions and customs were prevalent in some parts of Spain.

884 This place was ravaged by fire and levelled with the ground by the troops of Scipio, in consequence of the vigorous defence they had made, and the losses they had caused to the Roman army. It probably stood about four miles from the present city of Baeza.

885 The sites of this place and the next are unknown.

886 Most probably the present town of Porcuna. Ubeda or Ubedos has also been suggested.

887 The present town of Montoro.

888 Now Alcoorrucen, near Perabad.

889 Ansart suggests that the reading is not Sacili of the Martiales, but Onoba of the Martiales, to distinguish it from Onoba Æstuaria, previously mentioned. It is not improbable that the place was so called from the Martian or Martial legion having originally colonized it. The site of Onoba is unknown.

890 Cordova was so called from the great number of patricians, who were among the original colonists, when it was founded by Marcellus. To the present day it is noted for the pride of its nobles. The Great Captain Gonzalo de Cordova used to say, that “other towns might be better to live in, but there was none better to be born in.” It was the birth-place of Lucan and the two Senecas.

891 The site of these two places is unknown at the present day.

892 Now called by the similar name of Genil or Xenil.

893 Perhaps the present Alcolea.

894 Perhaps the Cantillana of the present day: there is, however, the greatest uncertainty as to the sites of these places.

895 According to Hardouin, the modern city of Penaflor: D’Anville places it about two leagues thence, and near the city of Lora.

896 Now Sevilla la Vieja, or Old Seville; called by the lower classes Santi-pone.

897 Now Seville. This colony was founded by Julius Cæsar, and also bore the name of Julia Romula.

898 Or north side of the river.

899 Probably on the site of the present Alcala del Rio.

900 ‘The [good] genius of Julius,’ probably meaning Cæsar. Nothing seems to be known of its site.

901 Caura may be the present Coria, a town three leagues from Seville.

902 Probably the Rio Guadalete.

903 Either the present Sebrija, or in the vicinity of the city of San Lucar.

904 Probably the present Bonania.

905 Probably between Trebujena and the city of Xeres. It was the usual place of meeting for the people of the territory of Gades; and its importance may be judged from its appellation ‘Regia’ or ‘royal,’ and its numerous coins. Its ruins are still to be seen on a hill there.

906 It is not improbable that this was the present city of Xeres. Some geographers however take it to be that of Medina Sidonia, and look upon Xeres as the site of the ancient Asta.

907 Now Ecija. It stood on the plain of the Bætis, some distance south of the river, on its tributary the Singulis or Xenil.

908 The site of this place is unknown. It probably obtained its name from being a colony of one of the legions, the 7th, 10th, 13th or 14th; which were called ‘geminæ’ or ‘gemellæ,’ from being composed of the men of two legions originally.

909 “The Valour of Julius.” Sanson places it not far from Miragenil.

910 “The Fame of Julius.” Perhaps the present Olivera, or else Teba, six leagues to the south of Estepa.

911 The present city of Ossuna. “Genua Urbanorum” would seem to mean “the knees of the citizens.” Though all the MSS. agree in this reading, it probably is an error for “gemina Urbanorum,” and it may have been a colony of one of the legions called ‘geminæ’ or ‘gemellæ,’ as previously mentioned. The other part of its appellation may possibly have originated in the fact of its first inhabitants being all natives of the city of Rome.

912 The use of the word fuit, ‘was,’ implies that the place had been destroyed. Cneius Pompeius, the eldest son of Pompey the Great, was defeated at Munda, in the year B.C. 45, and the town destroyed. Pompey escaped from the battle, but was taken a short time after and put to death. The site of the ancient town is very generally supposed to be the modern village of Monda, S.W. of Malaga, and about three leagues from the sea. It is more probable however that it was in the vicinity of Cordova, and there are ruins of ancient walls and towers between Martos, Alcandete, Espejo and Baena, which are supposed to denote its site.

913 Now Alameda; eight leagues from the other Astiji or Ecija.

914 Now Estepa, six leagues from Ecija.

915 Perhaps Mancloua, between the towns of Ecija and Carmona; the sites of all the other places here mentioned appear to be quite unknown.

916 Sanson supposes the Alostigi to have inhabited the territory near Almagia, between Malaga and Antiqueira.

917 The Celtici are supposed to have inhabited the country between the Guadiana and Guadalquivir, the eastern parts of Alentejo and the west of Estremadura, as far as the city of Badajoz.

918 Probably part of Estremadura, and the vicinity of Badajoz in an easterly direction.

919 The exact meaning of this passage is somewhat obscure, but he probably means to say that the Celtici have an identity of sacred rites, language, and names of towns with the Celtiberians; though it had become the usage in Bætica more generally to distinguish the towns by their Roman names.

920 “The Fame of Julius.” Its site is not known.

921 “The Concord of Julius.” Probably the same as the modern Valera la Vega, near Frejenal.

922 Probably meaning “Restored by Julius.” Nothing is known of its site.

923 According to an authority quoted by Hardouin, this may possibly be Medina de las Torres.

924 Probably Constantina in Andalusia, to the north of Penaflor.

925 The tribe or nation of the Tereses are supposed to have dwelt in the vicinity of the modern San Nicolo del Puerto.

926 Calentum was their town; probably the present Cazalla near Alaniz. This place will be found mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxv. c. 14.

927 The ruins two leagues north of Ronda la Vieja are supposed to be those of this place. There are the remains of an aqueduct and theatre, and numerous coins are found here.

928 Probably the present Ronda la Vieja.

929 Identified by inscriptions with the present Aroche. The sites of several of the following places are unknown.

930 The Azuaga of modern times; but, according to Hardouin, Argallen.

931 According to Hardouin this was on the site of the modern Fuente de la Ovejuna, fourteen leagues from Cordova.

932 This has been identified by inscriptions with the modern Villa de Capilla.

933 According to Hardouin, the modern Almaden de la Plata.

934 Probably the same as the modern Monte Major.

935 The ruins of this place are probably those seen at Carixa, near Bornos, in the vicinity of Seville.

936 According to Hardouin, the same as the modern Las Cabezas, not far from Lebrija.

937 The sites of these two towns are unknown. Bæsippo, Barbesula and Callet have been already mentioned.

938 The ruins of Saguntia are to be seen between Arcos and Xeres della Frontera, on the river Guadalete; they bear their ancient name under the form of Cigonza. Mela, B. iii. c. 1, says that Oleastro was a grove near the Bay of Cadiz. Brana was probably the same place that is mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of Urbona.

939 We may here mention for the more correct information of the reader that the Roman mile consisted of 1000 paces, each pace being five English feet. Hence its length was 1618 English yards (taking the Roman foot at 11·6496 English inches), or 142 yards less than the English statute mile.

940 Nova Carthago, or New Carthage.

941 Now Cazlona, on the confines of New Castile and the kingdom of Granada. It was a place of great importance, and the chief town of the Oretani. Himilce, the rich wife of Hannibal, was a native of this place.

942 This was the ‘porticus Octaviæ,’ which, having been commenced by his sister Octavia, the wife of Marcellus and Antony, was completed by Augustus. It lay between the Circus Flaminius and the Theatre of Marcellus, occupying the site of the former portico, which had been built by Q. Cæcilius Metellus, and enclosing the two temples of Juno and of Jupiter Stator. It contained a public library, in which the Senate often met, and it was in this probably that the map or plan, mentioned by Pliny, was deposited. It also contained a great number of statues, paintings, and other works of art, which, with the library, were destroyed by fire in the reign of Titus.