Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 260

2929 Britain was spoken of by some of the Greek writers as superior to all other islands in the world. Dionysius, in his Periegesis, says, “that no other islands whatsoever can claim equality with those of Britain.”

2930 Said to have been so called from the whiteness of its cliffs opposite the coast of Gaul.

2931 Afterwards called Bononia, the modern Boulogne. As D’Anville remarks, the distance here given by Pliny is far too great, whether we measure to Dover or to Hythe; our author’s measurement however is probably made to Rutupiæ (the modern Richborough), near Sandwich, where the Romans had a fortified post, which was their landing-place when crossing over from Gaul. This would make the distance given by Pliny nearer the truth, though still too much.

2932 Probably the Grampian range is here referred to.

2933 The people of South Wales.

2934 The Orkney islands were included under this name. Pomponius Mela and Ptolemy make them but thirty in number, while Solinus fixes their number at three only.

2935 Also called Æmodæ or Hæmodæ, most probably the islands now known as the Shetlands. Camden however and the older antiquarians refer the Hæmodæ to the Baltic sea, considering them different from the Acmodæ here mentioned, while Salmasius on the other hand considers the Acmodæ or Hæmodæ and the Hebrides as identical. Parisot remarks that off the West Cape of the Isle of Skye and the Isle of North Uist, the nearest of the Hebrides to the Shetland islands, there is a vast gulf filled with islands, which still bears the name of Mamaddy or Maddy, from which the Greeks may have easily derived the words Αἱ Μαδδαὶ, whence the Latin Hæmodæ.

2936 The Isle of Anglesea.

2937 Most probably the Isle of Man.

2938 Camden and Gosselin (Rech. sur la Géogr. des Anciens) consider that under this name is meant the island of Racklin, situate near the north-eastern extremity of Ireland. A Ricina is spoken of by Ptolemy, but that island is one of the Hebrides.

2939 This Vectis is considered by Gosselin to be the same as the small island of White-Horn, situate at the entrance of the Bay of Wigtown in Scotland. It must not be confounded with the more southern Vectis, or Isle of Wight.

2940 According to Gosselin this is the island of Dalkey, at the entrance of Dublin Bay.

2941 Camden thinks that this is the same as Bardsey Island, at the south of the island of Anglesea, while Mannert and Gosselin think that it is the island of Lambay.

2942 According to Brotier these islands belong to the coast of Britanny, being the modern isles of Sian and Ushant.

2943 As already mentioned, he probably speaks of the islands of Œland and Gothland, and Ameland, called Austeravia or Actania, in which glæsum or amber was found by the Roman soldiers. See p. 344.

2944 The opinions as to the identity of ancient Thule have been numerous in the extreme. We may here mention six:—1. The common, and apparently the best founded opinion, that Thule is the island of Iceland. 2. That it is either the Ferroe group, or one of those islands. 3. The notion of Ortelius, Farnaby, and Schœnning, that it is identical with Thylemark in Norway. 4. The opinion of Malte Brun, that the continental portion of Denmark is meant thereby, a part of which is to the present day called Thy or Thyland. 5. The opinion of Rudbeck and of Calstron, borrowed originally from Procopius, that this is a general name for the whole of Scandinavia. 6. That of Gosselin, who thinks that under this name Mainland, the principal of the Shetland Islands, is meant. It is by no means impossible that under the name of Thule two or more of these localities may have been meant, by different authors writing at distant periods and under different states of geographical knowledge. It is also pretty generally acknowledged, as Parisot remarks, that the Thule mentioned by Ptolemy is identical with Thylemark in Norway.

2945 B. ii. c. 77.

2946 Brotier thinks that under this name a part of Cornwall is meant, and that it was erroneously supposed to be an island. Parisot is of opinion that the copyists, or more probably Pliny himself, has made an error in transcribing Mictis for Vectis, the name of the Isle of Wight. It is not improbable however that the island of Mictis had only an imaginary existence.

2947 “White lead”: not, however, the metallic substance which we understand by that name, but tin.

2948 Commonly known as “coracles,” and used by the Welch in modern times. See B. vii. c. 57 of this work, and the Note.

2949 Brotier, with many other writers, takes these names to refer to various parts of the coast of Norway. Scandia he considers to be the same as Scania, Bergos the modern Bergen, and Nerigos the northern part of Norway. On the other hand, Gosselin is of opinion that under the name of Bergos the Scottish island of Barra is meant, and under that of Nerigos, the island of Lewis, the northern promontory of which is in the old maps designated by the name of Nary or Nery. Ptolemy makes mention of an island called Doumna in the vicinity of the Orcades.

2950 Transalpine Gaul, with the exception of that part of it called Narbonensis, was called Gallia Comata, from the custom of the people allowing their hair to grow to a great length.

2951 From the Scheldt to the Seine.

2952 From the Seine to the Garonne.

2953 Lyonese Gaul, from Lugdunum, the ancient name of the city of Lyons.

2954 Said by Camden to be derived from the Celtic words Ar - mor, “by the Sea.”

2955 The provinces of Antwerp and North Brabant.

2956 Inhabiting Western Flanders.

2957 So called, it is supposed, from the Celtic word Mor, which means “the sea.” Térouane and Boulogne are supposed to occupy the site of their towns, situate in the modern Pas de Calais.

2958 D’Anville places them between Calais and Gravellines, in the Pas de Calais, and on the spot now known as the Terre de Marck or Merk.

2959 Boulogne, previously mentioned.

2960 Cluver thinks that “Brianni” would be the correct reading here; but D’Anville places the Britanni on the southern bank of the stream called La Canche in the Pas de Calais.

2961 According to Parisot and Ansart they occupied the department of the Somme, with places on the site of Amiens (derived from their name) and Abbeville for their chief towns.

2962 They dwelt in the modern department of the Oise, with Beauvais (which still retains their name) for their chief town.

2963 D’Anville is of opinion that the place called Haiz or Hez in the diocese of Beauvais, received its name from this people, of whom nothing else is known. The name is omitted in several of the editions.

2964 D’Anville is of opinion that their chief town was situate at the modern Chaours, at the passage of the river Serre, not far from Vervins in the department of the Aisne.

2965 According to Ptolemy their chief town would be on the site of the modern Orchies in the department du Nord, but Cæsar makes it to be Nemetacum, the modern Arras, the capital of the department of the Pas de Calais.

2966 According to Ansart their chief town was Bavai, in the department du Nord. They are called “Liberi,” or free, because they were left at liberty to enjoy their own laws and institutions.

2967 Their capital was Augusta Veromanduorum, and it has been suggested that the place called Vermand, in the department de l’Aisne, denotes its site; but according to Bellay and D’Anville the city of St. Quentin, which was formerly called Aouste, marks the spot.

2968 Nothing whatever is known of them, and it is suggested by the commentators that this is a corrupted form of the name of the Suessiones, which follows.

2969 They gave name to Soissons in the southern part of the department de l’Aisne.

2970 It has been suggested that these are the same as the Silvanectes, the inhabitants of Senlis in the department de l’Oise.

2971 The people of Tongres, in the provinces of Namur, Liège, and Limbourg.

2972 They are supposed to have dwelt in the eastern part of the province of Limbourg.

2973 They probably dwelt between the Sunuci and the Betasi.

2974 They are supposed to have dwelt in the western part of the province of Limbourg, on the confines of that province and South Brabant, in the vicinity probably of the place which still bears the name of Beetz, upon the river Gette, between Leau and Haclen, seven miles to the east of Louvain.

2975 According to Ptolemy the Leuci dwelt on the sites of Toul in the department of the Meurthe, and of Nais or Nays in that of the Meuse.

2976 From them Trèves or Trier, in the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, takes its name.

2977 Their chief town was on the site of Langres, in the department of the Haute Marne.

2978 They gave name to the city of Rheims in the department of the Marne.

2979 Their chief town stood on the site of the modern Metz, in the department of the Moselle.

2980 Besançon stands on the site of their chief town, in the department of the Doubs, extending as far as Bâle.

2981 The inhabitants of the district called the Haut Rhin or Higher Rhine.

2982 The inhabitants of the west of Switzerland.

2983 Or the “Equestrian Colony,” probably founded by the Roman Equites. It is not known where this colony was situate, but it is suggested by Cluver and Monetus that it may have been on the lake of Geneva, in the vicinity of the modern town of Nyon.

2984 Littré, in a note, remarks that Rauriaca is a barbarism, and that the reading properly is “Raurica.”

2985 Spire was their chief city, in the province of the Rhine.

2986 They are supposed to have occupied Strasbourg, and the greater part of the department of the Lower Rhine.

2987 They dwelt in the modern Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt; Worms was their chief city.

2988 That is, nearer the mouths of the Rhine.

2989 They originally dwelt on the right bank of the Rhine, but were transported across the river by Agrippa in B.C. 37, at their own request, from a wish to escape the attacks of the Suevi.

2990 Now known as the city of Cologne. It took its name from Agrippina, the wife of Claudius and the mother of Nero, who was born there, and who, as Tacitus says, to show off her power to the allied nations, planted a colony of veteran soldiers in her native city, and gave to it her own name.

2991 Their district was in the modern circle of Clèves, in the province of Juliers-Berg-Clèves.

2992 Dwelling in the Insula Batavorum, mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book.

2993 He first speaks of the nations on the coast, and then of those more in the interior.

2994 Dwelling in the west of the department of Calvados, and the east of the department of the Eure. From them Lisieux takes its name.

2995 They occupied the department of the Lower Seine.

2996 They are supposed to have dwelt in the vicinity of Lillebonne, in the department of the Lower Seine.

2997 They gave name to the town of Vannes in the department of Morbihan.

2998 From them the city of Avranches, in the department of La Manche, derives its name.

2999 They occupied the modern department of Finisterre.

3000 The Loire.

3001 This spot is placed by D’Anville near the modern city of Saint Brieuc. He refers here to the peninsula of Brittany, which ends in Finisterre.

3002 Ansart remarks that the circuit of the peninsula from Saint Brieuc to the mouth of the river Vilaine is only 450 miles, but that if taken from the city of Avranches to the mouth of the Loire, it is 650.

3003 Ansart states that from Avranches to the mouth of the Loire, in a straight line, is twenty miles less than the distance here given by Pliny.

3004 Inhabitants of the department of the Lower Loire or Loire Inférieure.

3005 This extensive people inhabited the present departments of the Saone et Loire, Allier, Nievre, Rhone nord, and Loire nord. Autun and Chalons-sur-Marne stand on the site of their ancient towns.

3006 They inhabited the departments of the Eure et Loire, and portions of those of the Seine et Oise, of the Loire et Cher, and of the Loiret. Chartres occupies the site of their town.

3007 They occupied a part of the department of the Allier. Moulins stands on the site of their chief town.

3008 Sens, in the department of the Yonne, stands on the site of their chief town.

3009 The chief town of the Aulerci Eburovices was on the site of the present Passy-sur-Eure, called by the inhabitants Old Evreux, in the department of the Eure.

3010 They dwelt in the vicinity of the city of Le Mans, in the department of the Sarthe.

3011 Meaux, in the department of the Seine et Marne, denotes the site of their principal town.

3012 Paris, anciently Lutetia, denotes their locality.

3013 The city of Troyes, in the department of the Aube, denotes their locality.

3014 Their chief town stood on the site of Angers, in the department of the Maine et Loire.

3015 D’Anville says that their chief town stood on the spot now known as Vieux, two leagues from Caen, in the department of Calvados.

3016 The reading here is not improbably “Vadicasses.” If so, they were a people situate at a great distance from the other tribes here mentioned by Pliny. They dwelt in the department De l’Oise, in the district formerly known as Valois, their chief town or city occupying the site of Vez, not far from Villers Cotterets.

3017 D’Anville assigns to the Venelli, or Unelli, as some readings have it, the former district of Cotantin, now called the department of La Manche.

3018 According to D’Anville, Corseuil, two leagues from Dinan, in the department of the Côtes du Nord, denotes the site of their chief town. Hardouin takes Quimper to mark the locality.

3019 They are supposed by Ansart to have occupied that part of the department of La Mayenne where we find the village of Jublains, two leagues from the city of Mayenne.

3020 D’Anville assigns to them the greater part of the department of the Ile et Vilaine, and is of opinion that the city of Rennes occupies the site of Condate, their chief town.

3021 Tours, in the department of the Indre et Loire, marks the site of their chief town.

3022 They are supposed to have occupied a portion of the department of the Loire.

3023 They probably occupied a part of the department of the Loire, as also of that of the Rhone. Their town, Forum Secusianorum, stood on the site of the present Feurs, in the department of the Loire.

3024 The city of Lyons occupies the site of ancient Lugdunum. It is suggested by Hardouin, that the name Lugdunum is a corruption of “Lucudunum,” a compound of the Latin word lucus, “a grove,” and the Celtic dun, “a hill” or “mountain.”

3025 They are mentioned by Cæsar (B. C. iii. 9), in conjunction with the Nannetes, Morini, and others, but nothing can be inferred as to the precise position they occupied.

3026 Their locality also is unknown, but it is supposed that they dwelt in the vicinity of the department of La Vendée.

3027 From them ancient Poitou received its name. They are supposed to have occupied the department of the Haute-Vienne, and portions of the departments of La Vendée, the Loire Inférieure, the Maine et Loire, the Deux-Sèvres, and La Vienne.

3028 They gave name to the former Saintonge, now the department of Charente and Charente Inférieure. The town of Saintes occupies the site of their chief town.

3029 They occupied the modern department of the Gironde. The city of Bordeaux occupies the site of their chief town.

3030 They gave name to Aquitaine, which became corrupted into Guyenne. Pliny is the only author that makes the Aquitani a distinct people of the province of Aquitanica. The Tarusates are supposed to have afterwards occupied the site here referred to by him, with Atures for their chief town, afterwards called Aire, in the department of the Landes.

3031 Their locality is unknown, but it has been suggested that they occupied the departments of the Basses Pyrénées, or Lower Pyrenees.

3032 So called from the Latin verb convenire, “to assemble” or “meet together.” They are said to have received this name from the circumstance that Ptolemy, after the close of the Sertorian war, finding a pastoral people of predatory habits inhabiting the range of the Pyrenees, ordered them to unite together and form a community in a town or city. From them the present town of Saint Bertrand de Comminges, in the S.W. of the department of the Haute Garonne, derives its Latin name “Lugdunum Convenarum.”

3033 By Cæsar called the Bigerriones. Their name was preserved in that of the district of Bigorre, now the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées. Their chief town was Turba, now Tarbes.

3034 By calling the Tarbelli Quatuorsignani, he seems to imply that their chief town was a place garrisoned by four maniples of soldiers, each with a signum or standard. Aquæ Tarbellicæ was their chief town, the modern Acqs or Dax, in the S.W. of the department of the Landes.

3035 Their chief town was probably garrisoned by six signa or maniples. Cocosa, or Coequosa, as it is written in the Antonine Itinerary, is the first place on a road from Aquæ Tarbellicæ or Dax to Burdegala or Bordeaux, now called Marensin. Their locality was in the southern part of the department of the Landes, the inhabitants of which are still divided into two classes, the Bouges, those of the north, or of the Tête de Buch; and the Cousiots, those of the south.

3036 Their locality is unknown.

3037 D’Anville would read “Onobusates,” and thinks that they dwelt in the district called Nébousan, in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées. He is also of opinion that their town stood on the site of the modern Cioutat, between the rivers Adour and Neste.

3038 They occupied the southern part of the department of the Gironde.

3039 From them Hardouin suggests that Moneins, in the department of the Basses Pyrénées, takes its name.

3040 D’Anville is of opinion that they inhabited and gave name to the Vallée d’Ossun, between the Pyrenees and the city of Oléron in the department of the Basses Pyrénées.

3041 D’Anville places them in the Vallée de Soule, in the department of the Basses Pyrénées.

3042 From them Campon, a place in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées, is supposed to have received its name.

3043 Biscarosse, not far from Tête de Buch in the department of the Landes, is supposed to derive its name from this tribe.

3044 Nothing whatever is known of them.

3045 The more general reading is “Sassumini.” Ansart suggests that the town of Sarrum, between Cognac and Périgueux, in the department of the Dordogne, may have received its name from them.

3046 Ansart suggests that Rieumes, in the department of the Haute Garonne, occupies the site of Ryesium, their chief town, mentioned by Ptolemy.

3047 They are supposed to have given name to Tournay, in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées.

3048 Supposed to be the same as the Consuarini, mentioned in B. iii. c. 5.

3049 They probably gave name to Auch, in the department of Gers.

3050 Their chief town occupied the site of Euse or Eause, in the department of Gers.

3051 Their locality is marked by Soz, in the department of the Lot-et-Garonne.

3052 Or “Oscidates of the Plains.” They probably gave name to Ossun, two miles from Tarbes, in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées.

3053 From them the village of Cestas, three leagues from Bordeaux, in the department of the Gironde, is supposed to derive its name.

3054 The village of Tursan, in the department of the Landes, probably derived its name from this tribe.

3055 Their town was Cossio, afterwards Vasates, now Bazas, in the department of the Gironde.

3056 The site of the Vassei and the Sennates appears to be unknown.

3057 D’Anville is of opinion that this tribe gave name to Aisenay or Azenay, a village four leagues distant from Bourbon-Vendée, in the department of La Vendée.

3058 They occupied the district formerly known as Berry, but now the departments of the Indre, the Cher, and the west of the department of the Allier. Their chief town was Avaricum, now Bourges.

3059 They inhabited the district formerly known as the Limosin, now the departments of the Creuse, the Haute Vienne, and the Corrèze. Their chief town was Augustoritum, afterwards Lemovices, now Limoges.

3060 They occupied the district formerly known as Auvergne, forming the present department of the Allier, and the southern part of the Puy de Dôme and the Cantal. Augustonemetum was their chief town, now Clermont.

3061 Situate in the district formerly known as Gevaudan, now the department of La Lozère. Their chief town stood on the site of the present small town of Javoulx, four leagues from Mende.

3062 They are supposed to have occupied the former district of Rouergue, now known as the department of Aveyron. Their chief town was Segodunum, afterwards Ruteni, now known as Rhodez.

3063 They occupied the former district of Querci, the present department of Lot and Lot-et-Garonne. Divona, afterwards Cadurci, now Cahors, was their principal town.