Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 261

3064 According to Ptolemy their town was Aginnum, probably the modern Agen, in the present department of Lot-et-Garonne. “Antobroges,” however, is the more common reading.

3065 They occupied the district formerly known as Périgord, in the department of the Dordogne; their town was Vesanna, afterwards Petrocori, now Périgueux.

3066 Ansart says they are about 200 in number, consisting of Belle Isle, Groaix, Houat, Hoedic, and others. Also probably Morbihan.

3067 The Isle of Oleron, the fountain-head of the maritime laws of Europe.

3068 He means to say that it gradually increases in breadth after leaving the narrow neck of the Pyrenees and approaching the confines of Lusitania.

3069 B. iii. c. 3.

3070 From Ruscino to Gades.

3071 In the province now known as Guipuzcoa.

3072 Supposed to be the present Cabo de la Higuera.

3073 Probably inhabiting the eastern part of the provinces of Biscay and Alava, the eastern portion of Navarre, and, perhaps, a part of the province of Guipuzcoa.

3074 According to Hardouin the modern San Sebastian occupies the site of their town.

3075 On the same site as the modern Bermeo, according to Mannert. Hardouin thinks, however, and with greater probability, that it was situate at the mouth of the river Orio.

3076 D’Anville considers this to be the site of the city of Bermeo.

3077 Poinsinet thinks that this is Flavio in Bilbao, D’Anville calls it Portugalette, and Mannert thinks that it is the same as Santander, with which opinion Ansart agrees.

3078 According to Ptolemy, the Cantabri possessed the western part of the province of La Montana, and the northern parts of the provinces of Palencia and Toro.

3079 Most probably the present Rio de Suancès, by Mannert called the Saya, into which the Besanga flows. Hardouin however calls it the Nervio.

3080 Ansart suggests that this is the modern San Vicente de la Barquera. If the river Sauga is the same with the Suancès, this cannot be the port of Santander, as has been suggested.

3081 Or Ebro.

3082 According to Ansart, this is either the modern Ensenada de Ballota or else the Puerta de Pô.

3083 According to Ansart, the Orgenomesci occupied the same territory which Ptolemy has assigned to the Cantabri in general. See Note 3078 above.

3084 Hardouin takes this to be Villaviciosa. Ansart thinks that Ria de Cella occupies its site.

3085 They are supposed to have occupied the greater part of the principality of the Asturias and the province of Leon.

3086 Hardouin and Mannert consider this to be identical with Navia or Nava, six miles to the east of Oviedo, an obscure place in the interior. Ansart however would identify it with Villaviciosa.

3087 No doubt the headland now known as the Cabo de Penas.

3088 Now Lugo in Gallicia.

3089 Supposed by Ansart to be the Rio Caneiro, into which the Rio Labio discharges itself.

3090 Supposed by Ansart to have dwelt in the vicinity of the Celtic promontory, now Cabo de Finisterra or Cape Finisterre. Of the Egovarri and Iadoni nothing whatever is known.

3091 Their towns are mentioned by Ptolemy as being situate on a bay near Nerium or the promontory of Cape Finisterre.

3092 Mannert thinks that the Nelo is the same as the Rio Allones; the Florius seems not to have been identified.

3093 The inhabitants of Cape Finisterre.

3094 Dwelling on the banks of the river which from them takes its modern name of Tambre.

3095 Mannert and Ansart are of opinion that this peninsula was probably the modern Cabo Taurinan or Cabo Villano, most probably the latter.

3096 On the occasion probably of his expedition against the Cantabri.

3097 Their towns, Iria Flavia and Lacus Augusti, lay in the interior, on the sites of the present Santiago de Compostella and Lugo.

3098 Probably the modern Noya.

3099 They are supposed to have occupied the district in which the warm springs are found, which are known as Caldas de Contis and Caldas de Rey.

3100 It is suggested by Ansart that the islands here meant are those called Carreira, at the mouth of the river Ulla, and the Islas de Ons, at the mouth of the Tenario.

3101 See B. iii. c. 4.

3102 Inhabiting the vicinity of the modern Pontevedra.

3103 According to Ptolemy also their town was Tudæ, the modern Tuy.

3104 The modern Islas de Seyas or of Bayona.

3105 The town of Bayona, about six leagues from the mouth of the river Minho.

3106 The Minho.

3107 They occupied the tract of country lying between the rivers, and known as Entre Douro y Minho.

3108 Now Braga on the Cavado.

3109 The Lima.

3110 The river Douro.

3111 See B. iii. c. 3.

3112 Both lead, properly so called, and tin.

3113 In a great degree corresponding with modern Portugal, except that the latter includes the tract of country between the Minho and Douro.

3114 To distinguish them from the nation of the same name sprung from them, and occupying the Farther Spain. (B. iii. c. 3.) The Pæsuri occupied the site of the present towns of Lamego and Arouca.

3115 The modern Vouga, which runs below the town of Aveiro, raised from the ruins of ancient Talabrica.

3116 Agueda, which, according to Hardouin, is the name of both the river and the town.

3117 Coimbra, formerly Condeja la Veja.

3118 Leiria is supposed to occupy its site.

3119 According to Hardouin, the modern Ebora de Alcobaza, ten leagues from Leiria.

3120 The modern Cabo de la Roca, seven leagues from Lisbon.

3121 Pliny, in C. 34, places the Arrotrebæ, belonging to the Conventus of Lucus Augusti, about the Promontorium Celticum, which, if not the same as the Nerium (or Cape Finisterre) of the others, is evidently in its immediate neighbourhood; but he confuses the whole matter by a very curious error. He mentions a promontory called Artabrum as the headland at the N.W. extremity of Spain; the coast on the one side of it looking to the north and the Gallic Ocean, on the other to the west and the Atlantic Ocean. But he considers this promontory to be the west headland of the estuary of the Tagus, and adds, that some called it Magnum Promontorium, or the “Great Promontory,” and others Olisiponense, from the city of Olisipo, or Lisbon. He assigns, in fact, all the west coast of Spain, down to the mouth of the Tagus, to the north coast, and, instead of being led to detect his error by the resemblance of name between his Artabrum Promontorium and his Arrotrebæ (the Artabri of his predecessors, Strabo and Mela), he perversely finds fault with those who had placed above the promontory Artabrum, a people of the same name who never were there.

3122 On the site of which the present city of Lisbon stands.

3123 See note 3121 in the preceding page.

3124 See note 3121.

3125 See note 3116 in the preceding page.

3126 Among these is Pomponius Mela, who confounds the river Limia, mentioned in the last chapter, with the Æminius, or Agueda.

3127 Now the river Mondego.

3128 See B. xxxiii. c. 21.

3129 Now Cape St. Vincent.

3130 Pliny continues his error here, in taking part of the western side of Spain for the north, and part of the southern coast for the western.

3131 B. iii. c. 2.

3132 With the Vettones, situate in the province of the Alentejo. See B. iii. c. 3.

3133 In the present province of Algarve.

3134 Now Lisbon. Both Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella make mention of a story that Ulysses came to Spain and founded this city.

3135 See B. viii. c. 67 of the present work.

3136 According to Hardouin, followed by D’Anville and Uckert, this place gives name to Alcazar do Sal, nearly midway between Evora and the sea-shore. Mannert says Setuval, which D’Anville however supposes to be the ancient Cetobriga.

3137 On its site stands Santiago de Cacem, nearly midway between Lisbon and Cape St. Vincent.

3138 Or the “Wedge,” generally supposed to be Cabo de Santa Maria. Ansart however thinks that it is the Punta de Sagres, near Cape St. Vincent. Pliny’s words indeed seem to imply a closer proximity than that of Capes St. Vincent and Santa Maria.

3139 According to Hardouin, the modern Estombar; according to D’Anville, in the vicinity of Faro; but ten leagues from that place, according to Mannert.

3140 Hardouin and D’Anville are of opinion that Tavira occupies its site.

3141 Now Mertola, on the river Guadiana.

3142 Now Merida, on the Guadiana. A colony of veterans (Emeriti) was planted there by Augustus.

3143 Now Medellin, in the province of Estremadura.

3144 Pax Julia, or Pax Augusta, in the country of the Turduli, or Turdetani; now Beja, in the province of the Alentejo.

3145 Now Alcantara, in the province of Estremadura.

3146 Now Truxillo, so called from Turris Julia.

3147 Now Caceres.

3148 Now called Santarem, from Saint Irene, the Virgin.

3149 “The Garrison of Julius.”

3150 “The Success of Julius.”

3151 Evora, between the Guadiana and the Tagus.

3152 “The Liberality of Julius.”

3153 B. iii. c. 3.

3154 Hardouin takes Augustobriga to have stood on the site of Villar del Pedroso on the Tagus. Other writers think that it is represented by the present Ponte del Arcobispo.

3155 From Ammia, now Portalegre, on the frontier of Portugal. The sites of Arabrica and Balsa do not appear to have been ascertained.

3156 Capera stood on the site now called Las Ventas de Capara, between Alcantara and Coria. The site of Cæsarobrica has not been ascertained.

3157 Coria, in Estremadura, probably occupies the site of Caura.

3158 Hardouin suggests that the modern Tomar occupies the site of Concordia.

3159 Mannert is of opinion that the city of Lancia was situate in the north of Lusitania, on the river Durius, or Douro, near the modern Zamora.

3160 To distinguish them from the Mirobrigenses, surnamed Turduli, mentioned in B. iii. c. 3. Some writers think that this Mirobriga is the present Ciudad Rodrigo; but Ambrose Morales takes it to be the place called Malabriga, in the vicinity of that city.

3161 The name of Medubriga was afterwards Aramenha, of which Hardouin says the ruins only were to be seen. They were probably called Plumbarii, from lead mines in their vicinity.

3162 According to Hardouin, Ocelum was in the vicinity of the modern Capara.

3163 From Cape de Creuz to the Promontory between the cities of Fontarabia and Saint Sebastian.

3164 From the Greek κασσίτερος, “tin.” It is generally supposed that the “Tin Islands” were the Scilly Isles, in the vicinity of Cornwall. At the same time the Greek and Roman geographers, borrowing their knowledge from the accounts probably of the Phœnician merchants, seem to have had a very indistinct notion of their precise locality, and to have thought them to be nearer to Spain than to Britain. Thus we find Strabo, in B. iii., saying, that “the Cassiterides are ten in number, lying near each other in the ocean, towards the north from the haven of the Artabri.” From a comparison of the accounts, it would almost appear that the ancient geographers confused the Scilly Islands with the Azores, as those, who enter into any detail, attribute to the Cassiterides the characteristics almost as much of the Azores and the sea in their vicinity, as of the Scilly Islands.

3165 Cape Finisterre.

3166 Or the “Islands of the Blest.” We cannot do better than quote a portion of the article on this subject in Dr. Smith’s “Dictionary of Ancient Geography.” “‘Fortunatæ Insulæ’ is one of those geographical names whose origin is lost in mythic darkness, but which afterwards came to have a specific application, so closely resembling the old mythical notion, as to make it almost impossible to doubt that that notion was based, in part at least, on some vague knowledge of the regions afterwards discovered. The earliest Greek poetry places the abode of the happy departed spirits far beyond the entrance of the Mediterranean, at the extremity of the earth, and upon the shores of the river Oceanus, or in islands in its midst; and Homer’s poetical description of the place may be applied almost word for word to those islands in the Atlantic, off the west coast of Africa, to which the name was given in the historical period. (Od. iv. l. 563, seq.) ‘There the life of mortals is most easy; there is no snow, nor winter, nor much rain, but Ocean is ever sending up the shrill breathing breezes of Zephyrus to refresh men.’ Their delicious climate, and their supposed identity of situation, marked out the Canary Islands, the Madeira group, and the Azores, as worthy to represent the Islands of the Blest. In the more specific sense, however, the name was applied to the two former groups; while, in its widest application, it may have even included the Cape de Verde Islands, its extension being in fact adapted to that of maritime discovery.” Pliny gives a further description of them in B. vi. c. 37.

3167 The strait between the island and the mainland is now called the River of Saint Peter. The circuit of the island, as stated by Pliny, varies in the MSS. from fifteen to twenty-five miles, and this last is probably correct.

3168 Julius Cæsar, on his visit to the city of Gades, during the Civil War in Spain, B.C. 49, conferred the citizenship of Rome on all the citizens of Gades. Under Augustus it became a municipium, with the title of ‘Augusta urbs Julia Gaditana.’ The modern city of Cadiz is built upon its site.

3169 Or the Island of Venus.

3170 From the Greek word κότινος, “an olive-tree.”

3171 If Gades was not the same as Tartessus (probably the Tarshish of Scripture), its exact locality is a question in dispute. Most ancient writers place it at the mouth of the river Bætis, while others identify it, and perhaps with more probability, with the city of Carteia, on Mount Calpe, the Rock of Gibraltar. The whole country west of Gibraltar was called Tartessis. See B. iii. c. 3.

3172 Or more properly ‘Agadir,’ or ‘Hagadir.’ It probably received this name, meaning a ‘hedge,’ or ‘bulwark,’ from the fact of its being the chief Phœnician colony outside of the Pillars of Hercules.

3173 Of Erythræa, or Erytheia. The monster Geryon, or Geryones, fabled to have had three bodies, lived in the fabulous Island of Erytheia, or the “Red Isle,” so called because it lay under the rays of the setting sun in the west. It was originally said to be situate off the coast of Epirus, but was afterwards identified either with Gades or the Balearic islands, and was at all times believed to be in the distant west. Geryon was said to have been the son of Chrysaor, the wealthy king of Iberia.

3174 Alluding to B. iii. c. 6. From Rhegium to the Alps. But there the reading is 1020.

3175 Meaning Gessoriacum, the present Boulogne. He probably calls it Britannicum, from the circumstance that the Romans usually embarked there for the purpose of crossing over to Britain.

3176 The present Santen in the Duchy of Cleves.

3177 See end of B. iii.

3178 See end of B. ii.

3179 See end of B. iii.

3180 See end of B. iii.

3181 See end of B. iii.

3182 See end of B. ii.

3183 See end of B. iii.

3184 See end of B. iii.

3185 See end of B. iii.

3186 See end of B. ii.

3187 See end of B. iii.

3188 See end of B. iii.

3189 Ateius, surnamed Prætextatus, and also Philologus, which last name he assumed to indicate his learning, was born at Athens, and was one of the most celebrated grammarians of Rome, in the latter part of the first century B.C. He was originally a freedman of the jurist Ateius Capito, by whom he was described as “a rhetorician among grammarians, and a grammarian among rhetoricians.” He was on terms of intimacy with Sallust the historian, and Asinius Pollio. It is supposed that he assisted Sallust in the compilation of his history; but to what extent is not known. But few of his numerous commentaries were extant even in the time of Suetonius.

3190 A native of Megalopolis in Arcadia, born about B.C. 204. He was trained probably in political knowledge and the military art under Philopœmen, and was sent, as a prisoner to Rome, with others, to answer the charge of not aiding the Romans in their war against Perseus. Here, by great good fortune, he secured the friendship of Scipio Africanus, with whom he was present at the destruction of Carthage. His history is one of the most valuable works that has come down to us from antiquity.

3191 Of Miletus, one of the earliest and most distinguished Greek historians and geographers. He lived about the 65th Olympiad, or B.C. 520. A few fragments, quoted, are all that are left of his historical and geographical works. There is little doubt that Herodotus extensively availed himself of this writer’s works, though it is equally untrue that he has transcribed whole passages from him, as Porphyrius has ventured to assert.

3192 Of Mitylene, supposed to have flourished about B.C. 450. He appears to have written numerous geographical and historical works, which, with the exception of a considerable number of fragments, are lost.

3193 Of Sigæum, a Greek historian, contemporary with Herodotus. He wrote a history of Greece, and several other works, all of which, with a few unimportant exceptions, are lost.

3194 See end of B. ii.

3195 See end of B. ii.

3196 A Rhodian by birth. He was admiral of the fleet of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who reigned from B.C. 285 to 247. He wrote a work “On Harbours,” in ten books, which was copied by Eratosthenes, and is frequently quoted by ancient writers. Strabo also says that he composed poetry.

3197 See end of B. ii.

3198 Of Cumæ, or Cymæ, in Ionia. He flourished about B.C. 408. He studied under Isocrates, and gained considerable fame as a historian. Though anxious to disclose the truth, he has been accused of sometimes forcing his authorities to suit his own views. Of his history of Greece, and his essays on various subjects, a few fragments only survive.