Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 255

2263 Founded by the advice of Epaminondas, after the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, near the frontiers of Messenia. The ruins of its theatre, once the largest in Greece, are the only remains of it now to be seen, near the modern village of Sinano.

2264 It contained a famous temple of Æsculapius. Its ruins are to be seen near the village of Atzikolo. The exact site of Bucolion, which was near Megalopolis, is probably unknown, though Ansart says that the spot is called Troupiais. Of Carnion nothing is known.

2265 The town of Parrhasia, which is mentioned by Homer, seems to have given name to the Parrhasian district. Leake thinks it to be the same as Lycosura.

2266 On the river Ladon: its ruins are seen near the modern Vanena.

2267 In the west of Arcadia, on the river Alpheus.

2268 Or “Juno’s Town.” It was a place of great importance, situate on the lower Alpheus. Its remains are to be seen on a hill west of the village of Aianni, or St. John. They are very inconsiderable. Its wine was highly esteemed, and still maintains its ancient celebrity.

2269 Of Pylæ, Pallene, Agræ, and Epium, nothing appears to be known.

2270 Or Cynætha, in the north of Arcadia, upon the Aroanian mountains, beyond the natural boundaries of Arcadia. The modern village of Kalavryta occupies its site; but there are scarcely any traces of its remains.

2271 Or Lepreum, so called to distinguish it from Lepreum in Elis.

2272 Nothing seems to be known of this Parthenium. Alea lay between Orchomenus and Stymphalus. Its ruins have been discovered in the dark valley of Skotini, a mile to the N.E. of the village of Buyati.

2273 Its site has the modern name of Palæopyrgos. The sites of Enispe, mentioned by Homer, and Macistum, are unknown.

2274 Or Cleitor, a famous town of Arcadia. Its ruins are to be seen on the plain of Kalzana, or Katzanes. One of the rivulets that ran past it still retains the name of Clitora.

2275 Its ruins, few in number, but testifying its importance, are found near the modern village of Kleves, not far from Kurtesi. The Nemean games were celebrated in honour of Hercules in the grove of Nemea, between Cleonæ and Phlius.

2276 From the village of Bembina there, mentioned by Strabo, and on which Koutzomati probably now stands.

2277 Now called Olono. It received its name from the Centaur Pholus, accidentally slain by one of the poisoned arrows of Hercules.

2278 The modern Zyria.

2279 Nomiai and Hellenitza are modern names given to this mountain.

2280 In the south of Arcadia. It is now called Roïnon.

2281 Or Artemisium, forming the boundary between Argolis and Arcadia. It is now called Turniki.

2282 The pass by this mountain from Argolis to Tegea is still called Partheni.

2283 Now called Zembi, according to Ansart.

2284 The town of Nonacris stood at its foot. The river Styx took its rise in these mountains.

2285 Now called the Landona.

2286 The town now called Fonia, already mentioned by Pliny. The waters of its marshes were discharged by a subterranean passage, said to have been made by Hercules.

2287 Now called the Dogana. The two principal heights of Mount Erymanthus are Olonos and Kalefoni.

2288 The people of Aliphira, a town of Arcadia, in the district of Cynura. Considerable remains of it are still to be seen on the hill of Nerovitza.

2289 The people of Abea, in Messenia.

2290 The people of Pyrgos, in Arcadia.

2291 The people of Paroræa, in Arcadia. Of the two next, nothing appears to be known.

2292 The inhabitants of Typaneæ, in Elis.

2293 The people of Thrius, in Elis, near Patræ.

2294 The people of Tritia, in Achaia, now Chalanthistra.

2295 Nero abolished the institutions of the Roman province of Achaia, which had been assigned to the Roman senate, and governed by a proconsul, granting it its liberty. Vespasian, however, again established the provincial government, and compelled the Greeks to pay a yearly tribute.

2296 Now Vostitza.

2297 See p. 281.

2298 From the Greek ἀκτὴ, “the sea-shore.”

2299 It still retains its ancient name.

2300 Or Pegæ. It lay on the borders of the Corinthian Gulf, being, as Pliny says, the utmost point of the Peloponnesus on that side, as Megara was on the Saronic Gulf. According to Kruse, Psato occupies its site, but according to Lapie, Alepochori. The former is most probably correct.

2301 On the Corinthian Gulf. Porto Ghermano occupies its site.

2302 On the Saronic Gulf, to the north of Cenchreæ. The present Porto Cocosi occupies its site.

2303 Now Leandra, according to Ansart.

2304 Or Crommyon. It was the chief place on the Saronic Gulf, between the Isthmus, properly so called, and Megara. Its ruins are thought to be those seen near the chapel of Saint Theodorus. It was said to have been the haunt of the wild boar killed by Theseus.

2305 So called from being the scene of the ravages of the robber Sciron. They are now called Kaki Scala.

2306 Famous as the principal seat of the worship of the goddesses Demeter and Persephone. Its remains are to be seen at the modern Lefsina.

2307 Pera Chora marks its site. It was a member of the Tetrapolis of Attica, and Probalinthos another.

2308 Ulrichs, the best authority, places the port of Phalerum at the east corner of the great Phaleric Bay, in the vicinity of Tripirghi, or the Three Towers. The three harbours of the Piræus are the present Phanari, Stratiotiki or Paschalimani, and Drako or Porto Leone.

2309 The Piræus was united to the city by two walls, called the “Long Walls,” forty stadia in length. The length of the Phaleric wall was thirty-five stadia.

2310 It is to be regretted that such was his opinion. He could have well spared space for a description of it.

2311 The city of Cephisia, still called Kivisia, was one of the twelve cities of Cecrops. The fountain of transparent water is still to be seen here.

2312 Or the “Nine Springs.” It was the only source of good water for drinking purposes in Athens. This spring is still called by its ancient name. Of Larine nothing seems to be known.

2313 This is thought to have been the ancient name of the mountain afterwards known as Pentelicus, so famous for its marble, now called Mendeli or Penteli.

2314 The northern or Greater Hymettus is now called Telo-Vuni, the southern or Lesser Mavro-Vuni.

2315 On the N.E. of Athens, now called the Hill of Saint George.

2316 Probably on the river of the same name.

2317 Now Capo Colonna.

2318 North of Sunium and the modern bay of Panorimo. Thoricus was one of the Demi of Attica.

2319 This was the name of two Demi, though probably one place. It lay on the east coast to the north of Thoricus. Its harbour was probably the modern Dhaskalio; and the town is placed by Leake at the ruins called Paleokastro, to the south of the village of Dardheza.

2320 On the east coast, between Prasiæ and Brauron.

2321 One of the twelve ancient cities of Cecrops, on the eastern coast. Its name is supposed to be preserved in those of the villages Vraona and Paleo Vraona.

2322 A Demus belonging to the tribe Æantis. It was famous for its temple of Nemesis, the goddess of retribution. The present Obrio Castro occupies its site.

2323 Memorable for the defeat of the Persians by the Athenians, B.C. 490. The site of the ancient town of Marathon is thought not to have been at the modern village of Marathon, but a place called Vrana, to the south of it.

2324 The eastern part of the Eleusinian plain was thus called, from the Demus of Thria. Its exact site is uncertain.

2325 Melite was a Demus of the tribe Cecropis, of Athens, west of the Inner Ceramicus.

2326 Now Oropo, on the eastern frontiers of Bœotia and Attica, near the Euripus. It originally belonged to the Bœotians.

2327 Its ruins are supposed to be those seen eight miles from Egripo. Lukisi has also been suggested.

2328 Its ruins are still to be seen on the S.W. slope of Mount Faga.

2329 On the S.E. slope of Mount Helicon. Its ruins are to be seen at the modern Eremo or Rimokastro.

2330 Now Livadhia. The celebrated cave of Trophonius stood in its vicinity.

2331 Extensive remains of it are still to be seen; but the modern town of Theba or Stiva stands only on the site of its ancient Cadmea or citadel.

2332 To distinguish it from places of the same name in Egypt, Phthiotis, and Lucania.

2333 On the range of mountains of that name separating Bœotia from Megaris and Attica. The forest abounded in game, and the vicinity was a favourite scene of the poetic legends. Paleovuni is the highest summit of the Heliconian range. Leake fixes the Grove of the Muses at the present church of Saint Nicholas, at the foot of Mount Marandali, one of the summits of Helicon.

2334 These fountains or springs are very difficult to identify, but Hippocrene, or the “Horse-Spring” (said to have been produced by Pegasus striking the ground with his feet), was probably at the present Makariotissa; while Aganippe is the fountain that flows midway between Paleo-panaghia and Pyrgaki.

2335 This place was originally a member of the Bœotian confederacy, but joined the Athenians, though it did not become an Attic Demus. Leake thinks that its ruins are those seen at Myupoli. Ross thinks that it stood to the east of Ghyfto-kastro, while other writers are of opinion that it stood more to the west, near the modern village of Kundara.

2336 Razed to the ground by the Roman prætor Lucretius, for having espoused the cause of king Perseus. Its remains are seen about a mile from the village of Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Lebadæa.

2337 Memorable for the defeat of the Persians under Mardonius, B.C. 479.

2338 Distant twenty stadia from Orchomenus. Leake places it at the modern Izamali, Forchhammer at Avro-Kastro.

2339 Its site is uncertain. Leake supposes it to be at Paleokastro, between the north end of Lake Hylica and the foot of Mount Palea. Ulrichs places it at the south end of the lake.

2340 The modern Kakosia occupies its site.

2341 At the foot of Mount Cithæron. Leake places it eastward of Katzula, at the foot of the rocks there.

2342 Leake identifies it with the ruins on the torrent of Plataniki, below the mountain of Siamata. Pausanias says it was situate seven stadia beyond Teumessus, and at the foot of Hypatus, now Siamata.

2343 On Lake Copaïs. The modern village of Topolia occupies its site.

2344 The waters of the Cephisus here burst forth from their subterraneous channel.

2345 On Lake Copaïs. Its ruins are at a short distance to the south of the modern Kardhitza.

2346 South of Mount Helicon. Its principal remains are those of its theatre, a temple of Hera, and the agora or market-place.

2347 On the borders of Phocis; famous for the battles fought in its vicinity between the Athenians and Bœotians, B.C. 447, and between Philip of Macedon and the Athenians and Bœotians, B.C. 338, and that in which Sylla defeated the generals of Mithridates B.C. 86. It stood on the site of the modern village of Kapurna.

2348 On the river Copaïs, at the foot of Mount Tilphusion.

2349 On the river of that name, and on the road from Thebes to Anthedon.

2350 Its site appears to be unknown.

2351 Enumerated by Homer with Aulis. Ancient critics have, without sufficient reason, identified it with Hysiæ.

2352 It was sacked by the Athenians, B.C. 413, and in ruins in the time of Pausanias.

2353 The modern Grimadha or Grimala occupies its site.

2354 The modern channel of Egripo.

2355 The place where the Grecian fleet assembled when about to sail for Troy. Leake says that its harbour is now called Vathy, evidently from the Greek βαθὺς, “wide.”

2356 So called from dwelling near Mount Cnemis.

2357 Its ruins are to be seen three miles from the modern Talanti.

2358 Now the Golfo di Talanti.

2359 On the Eubœan Sea, which here extended to the Corinthian Gulf. It was in ruins in the time of Strabo. Cynus was the chief sea-port of the Locri Opuntii. Its site is marked by a tower called Palæopyrgo, and some ruins to the south of the village of Livanates.

2360 The modern village of Lefti stands on its site, and there are some ruins to be seen.

2361 In C. iv. of this Book.

2362 Or Cnemides, a fortress built on the range of Mount Cnemis, near the modern Nikoraki.

2363 Ravaged by Philip of Macedon. Its ruins are near the modern village of Vogdhani.

2364 The Lower Larymna. Its ruins are seen between the modern Matzumadi and Martini.

2365 Its ruins are to be seen near the modern Andera.

2366 Between Daphnus and Cynus. Gell found its ruins on a hill near the sea-shore.

2367 Its ruins are to be seen three miles from those of Thronium.

2368 Now called the Gulf of Zeitoun. The people from whom it received its name were the Malienses.

2369 Its ruins are two leagues from the modern town of Zeitoun.

2370 Or Sperchia.

2371 Strabo says that it lay below the town of Pindus. It is perhaps the present Palæo Choria.

2372 Its ruins are placed by Leake near the modern Mariolates.

2373 Like Pindus, one of the four towns or Tetrapolis of Doris. Its site corresponds to the modern Gravia.

2374 He seems to think that the name Græcus is older than that of Hellen, in which he is supported by Apollodorus.

2375 So called from Echion, fabled to have sprung from the dragon’s teeth. Its site is marked by the modern village called Akhino. The Sperchius is now called the Ellada.

2376 This famous spot still retains its name. It is also called Bocca di Lupo.

2377 From τραχὺς, “narrow,” in allusion to the narrowness of the mountain passes. Brotier places it on the site of the modern Zeitoun, but he is probably in error.

2378 A peak of the range of Œta.

2379 The name of a town and small district of Phthiotis: it eventually gave its name to the whole of Greece, which by its inhabitants was called Hellas.

2380 Near the river Amphrysus. Leake places it at Kefalosi, at the extremity of Mount Othrys.

2381 The modern Zeitoun.

2382 Said to have been the city of Achilles.

2383 According to Stephanus of Byzantium, Cierium was identical with Arne. Leake places it at the modern Mataranga.

2384 So called from the people called Minyæ, who derived their name from Minyas, the father of Orchomenus. In the time of Strabo, this city, the capital of the Minyan empire, was in ruins. Its site is now called Seripu.

2385 Leake places its site on the left bank of the Peneius, opposite the village of Gunitza.

2386 The residence of Admetus, and in later times of the tyrants of Thessaly. The modern Valestina occupies its site.

2387 Spoken of in C. 17 of the present book.

2388 The ancient capital of the Pelasgi. It is now called Larissa, Larza, or Ienitchen.

2389 Leake places Gomphi on the heights now called Episkopi, on the left bank of the Bliuri.

2390 Its ruins are said to be seen about eight miles from the modern city of Volo.

2391 The city of Volo stands on its site. The Gulf is called the Bay of Volo.

2392 This is not strictly correct. Demetrias was founded by Demetrius Poliorcetes, about two or three miles to the west of Pagasa, the inhabitants of which were removed to that place. Its remains are to be seen, according to Leake, on the face of a maritime height called Goritza.

2393 Pharsalus, now Farsa or Fersala, in Thessaliotis. On its plain Pompey was defeated by Cæsar, B.C. 48.

2394 Or Cranon; said to have been anciently called Ephyre. Leake places its site at some ruins called Palea Larissa, distant two hours and twenty-seven minutes’ journey from Larissa. It was the residence of the powerful family of the Scopadæ.

2395 This range in Macedonia is now called Verria. Herodotus states that it was impassably for cold, and that beyond were the gardens of Midas, where roses grew spontaneously.

2396 The name of the eastern part of the great mountain chain extending west and east from the Promontory of Acroceraunia on the Adriatic to the Thermaic Gulf. It is now called by the Greeks Elymbo, and by the Turks Semavat-Evi, the “Abode of the Celestials.” A portion of this range was called Pierus; and Ossa, now Kissavo, the “ivy-clad,” was divided from Olympus on the N.W. by the Vale of Tempe. Othrys extended from the south of Mount Pindus, to the eastern coast and the Promontory between the Gulf of Pagasa and the northern point of Eubœa.

2397 Now called Plessedhi or Zagora; situate in the district of Magnesia in Thessaly, between lake Bœbeis and the Pagasæan Gulf.

2398 Now the Gouropotamo.

2399 Flowing into the Asopus near Thermopylæ.

2400 In Pieria. Supposed to be the modern Litokhoro.

2401 The modern Rajani.

2402 This lake received the rivers Onchestus, Amyrus, and others. It is now called Karla, from an adjoining village which has ceased to exist. The town of Bœbe was in its vicinity.

2403 Now the Salambria or Salamria.

2404 The jugerum was properly 240 feet long and 120 broad, but Pliny uses it here solely as a measure of length; corresponding probably to the Greek πλέθρον, 100 Grecian or 104 Roman feet long. Tempe is the only channel through which the waters of the Thessalian plain flow into the sea.

2405 Il. B. ii. c. 262. He alludes to the poetical legend that the Orcus or Titaresius was a river of the infernal regions. Its waters were impregnated with an oily substance, whence probably originated the story of the unwillingness of the Peneus to mingle with it. It is now called the Elasonitiko or Xeraghi.

2406 Near Libethrum; said to be a favourite haunt of the Muses, whence their name “Libethrides.” It is near the modern Goritza.

2407 Leake places its site on the height between the southernmost houses of Volo and Vlakho-Makhala. No remains of it are to be seen.

2408 Ansart says that on its site stands the modern Korakai Pyrgos.

2409 Near Neokhori, and called Eleutherokhori.

2410 Now Kortos, near Argalisti, according to Ansart.

2411 Now Haghios Georgios, or the Promontory of St. George.