Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 245

943 Nova Carthago or New Carthage, now Carthagena.

944 Now Zaragoza or Saragossa, on the right bank of the river Ebro. Its original name was Salduba, but it was changed in honour of Augustus, who colonized it after the Cantabrian war, B.C. 25.

945 This was the most remote place of any consideration in Celtiberia, on the west. Its ruins are still to be seen on the summit of a hill surrounded with rocks, forming a natural wall between Corunna del Conde and Pennalda de Castro.

946 This was Asturica Augusta, the chief city of the nation of the Astures, and situate on one of the tributaries of the Astura, now Esta. On its site is situate the present Astorga: its ruins are very extensive.

947 Now Lugo.

948 Or Bracara Augusta, now Braga. Among the ruins of the ancient city there are the remains of an aqueduct and amphitheatre.

949 Probably the present town of Vera near Muxacra.

950 The “Promontory of Saturn,” now Cabo de Palos.

951 D’Anville takes this place to be the port of Vacur; if so, the distance from Cape Palos is exactly 170 miles.

952 Now Segura.

953 The modern town of Elche was probably built from the ruins of this place.

954 Now called the Gulf of Alicant.

955 With the Arabian El prefixed, this has formed the name of the famous port of Alicant.

956 Now Denia, a thriving town.

957 Now called the Xucar.

958 Now called Albufera.

959 The present city of Valencia.

960 Or Turia, now the Guadalaviar.

961 Or Saguntus, famed for the fidelity of its inhabitants to the Roman cause: after a siege of nine months, rather than submit to the Carthaginians under Hannibal, they set fire to their town and perished in the flames, B.C. 219. It was rebuilt eight years afterwards and made a Roman colony. The ruins of the ancient town, which was said to have been originally founded by Greeks from Zacynthus, are still to be seen, and the ancient walls (muri veteres) give name to the present Murviedro, which is built on its site.

962 Now the Murviedro, which flows past the city of that name and the town of Segorbe.

963 Dertosa, the present Tortosa, is supposed to have been inhabited by them.

964 Now the Ebro.

965 Hardouin places this on the site of the modern Fuente de Ivero. The Ebro takes its rise in the Val de Vieso.

966 According to D’Anville, the present Logrono. At present the Ebro only becomes navigable at Tudela, 216 miles from the sea. Other writers, however, take Varia to be the present Valtierra, near Tudela.

967 Or the Subur, now the Francoli. It flows into the sea at the port of Tarraco, now Tarragona.

968 The more ancient commentators think that Carthago Vetus, or the colony of Old Carthage (now Carta la Vieja), is here alluded to, but more probably it is Carthago Nova that is meant.

969 On the Subi, previously mentioned; now called Villa Nova.

970 Now the Llobregat.

971 Their territory was situate around the present Gulf of Ampurias.

972 Their chief cities were Gerunda, the present Gerona, and Ausa or Vicus Ausæ, now Vic d’Osona.

973 In the country beyond Gerona.

974 Living in the upper valley of the river Sicoris or Segre, which still retains, from them, the name of Cerdague.

975 The people of the modern Navarre and Guipuzcoa.

976 In the later writers Barcelo, now Barcelona. It was said to have been originally founded by Hercules, and afterwards rebuilt by Hamilcar Barcas, who gave it the name of his family. Its name as a Roman colony was Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino. The modern city stands somewhat to the east of the ancient one.

977 The modern Badalona, two leagues from Barcelona.

978 On the sea-shore,—the present Pineda.

979 Now the Tordera.

980 The modern city of Blanos stands on its site.

981 Probably the present Ter or Tet.

982 The modern Ampurias. We learn from Strabo that a wall divided the town of the Greeks from that of the old inhabitants. It was the usual landing-place for travellers from Gaul. It was originally colonized by the Phocæans from Massilia or Marseilles.

983 Hardouin says that the Ticher or Tichis is the same with the modern Ter, but in such case Pliny would have mentioned it before coming to Emporiæ. Its present name however does not appear to be accurately known.

984 A promontory extending from the Pyrenæan chain, on which a temple of Venus was situate. It is now called Cabo de Cruz. The distance mentioned by Pliny is probably too great.

985 The people of the present Tortosa.

986 Probably not the same people as the Edetani, in whose district Saguntum and Valencia were situate.

987 The people of Gerunda or Gerona.

988 They are nowhere else mentioned. Ukert supposes that their city stood in the district between the Sicoris and Nucaria.

989 Their city was Tiara Julia.

990 The people of Aquæ Calidæ or the ‘Hot Springs,’ called at the present day Caldes, four leagues from the city of Barcelona.

991 Ptolemy places Bæcula between Ausa and Gerunda.

992 The people of the present Belchite.

993 The people of the present Xelsa, on the Ebro.

994 The inhabitants of Calagurris, now Calahorra, a city of the Vascones, on the banks of the Ebro. They remained faithful to Sertorius to the last, and after slaughtering their wives and children and eating their flesh, their city was taken and destroyed; which event put an end to the Sertorian war. It was called “Nassica,” in contradistinction to Calagurris Fibularia, which is afterwards mentioned by Pliny. The latter is mentioned by Cæsar as forming one community with Osca (now Huesca), and was probably the present Loarre, though some writers take the first-named Calagurris to be that place, and the latter one to be the present Calahorra.

995 The people of Ilerda, the present Lerida, on the Sicoris or Segre. It is memorable for its siege by Cæsar, when the Pompeian forces under Afranius and Petreius had retired thither. It was a most flourishing city, though in the times of the later Roman emperors it had fallen into decay.

996 The people of the present Huesca.

997 The inhabitants of Turiazo, the present Tarazona, five leagues south of Tudela.

998 The people of Cascantum, the present town of Cascante in Navarre.

999 The people of Ergavica. Its ruins, at the confluence of the Guadiela and Tagus, are still to be seen, and are called Santaver. By some writers this place is considered to be the same as the modern Fraga, on the river Cinca, five leagues from Lerida.

1000 The people of Graccuris. Its former name of Ilurcis was changed in honour of Sempronius Gracchus, who placed new settlers there after the conquest of Celtiberia. It is supposed to be the same as the modern Agreda, four leagues from Tarazona.

1001 The people of Leonica, probably the modern Alcaniz, on the river Guadalope, in Arragon.

1002 The people of Tarraga, the present Tarrega, nine leagues east of Lerida, in Catalonia.

1003 The people of Arcobriga, now Los Arcos, in Navarre, five leagues south of Estella.

1004 Perhaps the same as the Andosini, a people mentioned by Polybius, B. iii. c. 35, as situate between the Iberus and the Pyrenees. There is a small town of Navarre called Androilla.

1005 The people probably of the site now occupied by Huarte Araquil, six leagues to the west of Pampeluna.

1006 Probably the same as the Bursaones of Livy, the Bursavolenses of Hirtius, and the Bursadenses of Ptolemy. Their exact locality is unknown.

1007 Mention has been made of Calagurris Fibularensis or Fibulicensis under Calagurris Nassica: see p. 168.

1008 The people of Complutum, the modern Alcala de Henares, on the river Henares, six leagues to the east of Madrid. It is not quite certain whether it stood on the exact site of Alcala, or on the hill of Zulema, on the other side of the Henares.

1009 The town of Cares, adjoining the more modern one of Puente la Reyna, probably marks their site.

1010 Probably so called from the river Cinga, the modern Cinca: or they may have given their name thereto.

1011 The people probably of the present Mediana on the Ebro, six leagues below Zaragoza.

1012 Their town was Larnum, situate on a river of the same name. It was probably the present Torderas, situate on the river of that name.

1013 Of this people nothing appears to be known. In the old editions the next people mentioned are the “Ispalenses,” but since the time of Hardouin, they have been generally omitted, as wrongly introduced, and as utterly unknown. Spanish coins have however been more recently discovered with the name ‘Sblaie’ or ‘Splaie,’ inscribed in Celtiberian characters, and numismatists are of opinion that they indicate the name of the town of this people, which in Latin would be Ispala. This at all events is the opinion of M. de Sauley.

1014 The people of the present town of Lumbier in Navarre, called by its inhabitants Irumberri.

1015 The people of the present city of Pampeluna.

1016 Carthago Nova, or New Carthage.

1017 The colony of Acci was called Colonia Julia Gemella Accitana. The town of Acci or Accis was on the site of the present Guadix el Viejo, between Granada and Baza. It was colonized by the third and sixth legions under Julius or Augustus, from which it obtained the name of ‘Gemella,’ the origin of which name is previously mentioned, p. 161.

1018 The ruins of this place are supposed to be those seen at Lebazuza or Lezuza, not far from the city of Cuença.

1019 The “jus Italicum” or “Italiæ,” “Italian rights” or “privileges,” differed from the “jus Latinum.” It was granted to provincial towns which were especially favoured by the magistracy of Rome, and consisted of exemption from taxes, a municipal constitution, after the manner of the Italian towns, and many other rights and exemptions.

1020 According to Hardouin, the people of the town formerly called Saliotis, now Cazorla. They are called “Cæsari venales,” from the circumstance of their territory having been purchased by Cæsar.—Castulo or Cazlona has been previously mentioned.

1021 The people of Sætabis, now Xativa in Valencia. This town was famous for its manufacture of fine table-napkins, to which reference is made by Pliny at the beginning of his Introduction addressed to Titus, in his quotation from the lament of Catullus on the loss of his table-napkins which his friends had filched from him. See p. 1 of the present volume.

1022 According to some writers, the present Cuença was the ancient Valeria; but perhaps it was situate at the present village of Valera la Vieja, or Old Valeria, eight leagues south of Cuença.

1023 The people of Alaba, not far from the present town of Ergavica.

1024 They were so called from their town of Basti, now Baza, on the river Guadalentin in Granada.

1025 Their town was probably the present Consuegra, twelve leagues from the city of Toledo.

1026 So called from the promontory Dianium or Artemisium, named from a temple of Diana there situate, and having in its vicinity a town of the same name. The present town of Denia still retains nearly the original name. Its lake, now called Albufera de Valencia, has been previously mentioned, p. 166.

1027 The modern Yniesta marks the site of their town.

1028 The people probably of Eliocroca, now Lorca, on the high road, from Carthago Nova to Castulo.

1029 There were two places of the name of Mentesa, one in the district of the Oritani, and the other in that of the Bastitani or Bastuli.

1030 Ptolemy, B. ii., mentions a city of this nation, called ‘Oretum Germanorum.’ It has been supposed that it was the present Calatrava, five leagues from Ciudad Real.

1031 Supposed to be in the vicinity of the present Calatajud.

1032 The present Toledo.

1033 Their town is supposed to have stood on the site of the present Murcia.

1034 Now Coruña del Conde.

1035 The people of the present Alava on the Ebro.—A small town there still bears the name of Alvana.

1036 This nation is not mentioned elsewhere. Possibly they are the Murbogi, mentioned by Ptolemy.

1037 Their town Segisamon was either the present Veyzama in Guipuzcoa, or, more probably, Sasamon, eight leagues north-west of Burgos.

1038 The people of Carissa, on the site of the present Carixa near Seville.

1039 Strabo assigns the Numantini to the Arevacæ, and not the Pelendones. The ruins of the city of Numantia were still to be seen at Puente Garray near the city of Soria, in Hardouin’s time, the 17th century.

1040 D’Anville places their city, Intercatia, at the place called Villa nueva de Azuague, forty miles from the present Astorga; others again make it to have been sixty miles from that place.

1041 Their town was on the site of the modern city of Palencia, on the river Carion.

1042 The people of Cauca, the present Coca, situate between Segovia and Valladolid, on the river Eresma.

1043 This was the chief city of the Cantabri. It has been already mentioned, but we may add that it stood near the sources of the Ebro, on the eminence of Retortillo, south of Reynosa. Five stones still mark the boundaries which divided the territory from that of the Fourth Legio.

1044 Supposed to be the present Briviesca; the site of Tritium does not appear to be known, but it has been suggested that it was near Najara, in the vicinity of Logrono.

1045 It does not appear to be certain whether the Areva was the present Ucero, or the Arlanzon, which flows near Valladolid.

1046 The modern Siguenza.

1047 Now El Burgo d’Osma, in the province of Soria.

1048 This must not be mistaken for the modern Segovia, between Madrid and Valladolid: it was a small town in the vicinity of Numantia.

1049 Probably the present Lerma, on the river Arlanza.

1050 The people of Asturica Augusta, now Astorga, in the province of Leon. The ruins of this fine city are said still to give a perfect idea of a fortified Roman town.

1051 Their chief city stood on the site of the present Cigarrosa, or San Estevan de Val de Orres. Its ruins are still to be seen, and a Roman bridge, the people preserving a tradition that an old town once stood there called Guigurra.

1052 The people of Lance or Lancia, probably the present Lollanco or Mansilla; though Oviedo has been suggested. This however may be the Ovetum mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxiv. c. 17.

1053 Mentioned by Pliny in B. xix. c. 2, as famous for their flax. Their locality near the coast does not appear to be exactly known. The Pæsici previously mentioned were situate on the peninsula of Cabo de Penas.

1054 Now the city of Lugo in Gallicia.

1055 The people of Bracara Augusta, now Braga. Among the ruins of the ancient city are the remains of an aqueduct and an amphitheatre. This people probably derived their name from their fashion of wearing braccæ, “breeches” or “trowsers,” like their neighbours of Gallia Braccata. The exact localities of the various other tribes here mentioned do not appear to be exactly known.

1056 Our author is mistaken here, even making allowance for the shortness of the Roman mile (1618 yards), as the length is only 470 miles. Coastwise it is 620.

1057 Now Oyarzun. It is also mentioned in B. iv. c. 34.

1058 He is also in error here; for, taken in a straight line, this distance is but 210 miles.

1059 The distance is about 560 miles.

1060 It may be worth while here to take some notice of the mineral productions of Spain in modern times, from which we shall be able to form a more accurate judgement as to the correctness of the statement here made by Pliny. Grains of gold are still to be found in the rivers Tagus and Douro; but there is not found sufficient of the precious metal to pay for the search. Silver is found in the mines of the Guadal canal. Copper and lead are to be found in abundance. There is a mine of plumbago four leagues from Ronda; and tin is found in Gallicia. In every province there are iron mines, those in Biscay being the most remarkable. Lodestone is found in Seville, cobalt on the Pyrenees, quicksilver and cinnabar at Almaden, arsenic in Asturias, and coal in Asturias and Arragon. There are salt-mines at Mingrilla and Cardona; alum is found in Arragon, antimony at Alcaraz. On the Sierra Morena, and in Gallicia, there is saltpetre in numerous localities; amber in Asturias and Valencia, and sulphur in Murcia, Arragon, and Seville. Pipe-clay of a peculiar quality is found in the vicinity of Andujar. Gypsum and marble are found in great abundance, and stone for budding purposes, of the best quality. Amethysts, white cornelians, rubies, agates, garnets, and rock crystals, with other precious stones, are also found in abundance and of the finest quality.

1061 Transparent stone. Further mention is made of it by Pliny in B. xxxv. c. 45.

1062 Or Mediterranean.

1063 From the chief city Narbo Martius, and later Narbona, now Narbonne, situate on the river Atax, now Aude. It was made a Roman colony by the Consul Q. Martius B.C. 118, and from him received its surname. It was the residence of the Roman governor of the province and a place of great commercial importance. There are scarcely any remains of the ancient city, but some vestiges of the canal, by which it was connected with the sea at twelve miles’ distance.

1064 From the linen breeches which the inhabitants wore, a fashion which was not adopted by the Romans till the time of the Emperors. Severus wore them, but the use of them was restricted by Honorius.

1065 Still called the ‘Var.’ It divides France from Nice, a province of Sardinia.

1066 Now the Cevennes. They lie as much to the west as the north of Gallia Narbonensis.

1067 The range of the Jura, north of the Lake of Geneva.

1068 Inhabiting the former Comté de Roussillon, or Département des Pyrénées Orientales. They were said to have been originally a Bebrycian or Thracian colony.

1069 Probably the inhabitants of the present Conserans, on the west of the Département de l’Arriége.

1070 Probably the Tech, and the Verdouble, which falls into the Gly.

1071 Probably the present Elne, on the Tech.

1072 The present Castel Roussillon.

1073 The Aude of the present day.

1074 The bodies of water now called Etangs de Bages et de Sigean.

1075 Now the Herault.

1076 Now called the Lez, near the city of Montpellier.

1077 Now called Etangs de Leucate, de Sigean, de Gruissan, de Vendres, de Thau, de Maguelonne, de Perols, de Mauguio, du Repausset; Marais d’Escamandre, de Lermitane et de la Souteyrane, and numerous others.

1078 Now the town of Agde. Strabo also informs us that this place was founded by the Massilians.

1079 This people seems to have inhabited the eastern parts of the departments of l’Arriége and the Haute Garonne, that of Aude, the south of that of Tarn, and of that of Herault, except the arrondissement of Montpellier.

1080 Dalechamp takes this to be Foz les Martigues; but the locality is doubtful. Most probably this is the same place that is mentioned by Strabo as Rhoë, in conjunction with the town of Agathe or Agde, and the Rodanusia of Stephen of Byzantium, who places it in the district of Massilia or Marseilles.

1081 Now the Rhone.

1082 Now the Lake of Geneva.

1083 The modern Saone.

1084 Now the rivers Isère and Durance.

1085 Most probably from Libici, a town in the south of Gaul, of which there are coins in existence, but nothing else seems to be known. At the present day there are four mouths of the Rhone, the most westerly of which is called the “Dead” Rhone; the next the “Lesser” Rhone; the third the “Old” Rhone; and the fourth simply the Rhone. D’Anville considers the “Lesser” Rhone to have been the “Spanish” mouth of the ancients. In consequence of the overflowings of this river there is great confusion upon this subject.