Читать книгу The Natural History of Pliny (Vol. 1-6) - Pliny the Elder - Страница 256

2412 At the foot of Mount Pelion. Leake places it at some ruins near a small port called Tamukhari. The chestnut tree derived its Greek and modern name from this place, in the vicinity of which it still abounds.

2413 Probably near the village of Hagia Eutimia, according to Ansart.

2414 Now Trikeri.

2415 Melibœa was near the modern Mintzeles, and Rhizus near Pesi Dendra, according to Ansart.

2416 Ansart says, in the vicinity of the modern Conomio.

2417 Situate at the foot of Mount Homole, between Tempe and the village of Karitza. Leake thinks that the Convent of St. Demetrius, on the lower part of Mount Kissavo, stands on its site.

2418 Now Tournovo, according to Ansart.

2419 Now called Democo, according to Ansart.

2420 Between the Titaresius and the Peneus. The modern village of Tatari stands on its site.

2421 Probably the place of the same name mentioned in the last Chapter.

2422 Probably the same as Acharræ on the river Pamisus, mentioned by Livy, B. xxxii. c. 13.

2423 On the Dotian Plain, mentioned by Hesiod, and probably the same place that Pindar calls Lacereia.

2424 The birth-place of Protesilaüs, the first victim of the Trojan war.

2425 Nothing is known of this place. The word “porro” appears instead of it in some editions.

2426 Philip, the Conqueror of Greece, and Alexander, the Conqueror of Asia.

2427 The original Emathia, as mentioned by Homer, is coupled with Pieria as lying between the Hellenic cities of Thessaly and Pæonia, and Thrace.

2428 A tribe of the south-west of Mœsia, and extending over a part of Illyricum. According to Strabo, they were a wild race, of filthy habits, living in caves under dunghills, but fond of music.

2429 A people of Mœsia, mentioned in C. 29 of the last Book.

2430 Supposed by some writers to be the same place as Edessa. Ansart says it is the spot now known as Moglena.

2431 Now Verria in Roumelia. St. Paul and Silas withdrew to this place from Thessalonica. The remains are very considerable.

2432 Described by Livy as of great strength. It occupied the site of the modern Stagus.

2433 Surnamed Lyncestis; the chief town of Upper Macedonia. It must have stood not far from the modern town of Felurina.

2434 Now the Platamona.

2435 Now Kitron. The Romans usually called it Citron or Citrus.

2436 In the inmost recess of the Thermaic Gulf. Leake supposes it to have occupied the site of the present Palea Khora, near Kapsokhori.

2437 Now the Vistritza, by the Turks called Inje-Karra. Cæsar calls it the boundary between Macedonia and Thessaly.

2438 The people apparently of Aloros just mentioned.

2439 Vallæ and Phylacæ appear to have been two towns of Pieria.

2440 The people of Cyrrhus; probably on the site of the present Vistritza. Leake however makes a place called Paleokastro to occupy its site. Tyrissæ was probably in its vicinity.

2441 Now Alaklisi, upon a lake formed by the Lydias. Philip made it the capital of Macedonia, and it was the birth-place of Alexander the Great. It was made a Roman colony under the name of Julia Augusta Pella.

2442 Its ruins are still called Stoli.

2443 There were two places of this name in Macedonia; one called Antigonia Psaphara in Chalcidice, and the other in Pæonia.

2444 Between Idomene and the plains of Pella. As Pliny here says, it was a different place from Europus of Almopia, by which the Rhœdias flows. Of the following places nothing seems to be known.

2445 Coupled by Herodotus with Pella. Eordæa seems to have been the name of the district on the river Eordaicus, identified with the modern Devol.

2446 They dwelt in the vicinity of Mount Scomium. The river Axius is the modern Vardhari.

2447 Or Thrace.

2448 People of Paroræa in Thrace.

2449 The people probably of Eordæa, already mentioned.

2450 Leake thinks that Almopia was the name of the district now called Moglena.

2451 The Mygdones were a Thracian people in the east of Macedonia, on the Thermaic Gulf.

2452 The people of Arethusa, a town of Bisaltia in Macedonia, in the pass of Aulon. Euripides, the tragic poet, was buried here.

2453 A town of Mygdonia.

2454 The people of Idomene, a town about twelve miles from the pass of Stena, now Demirkapi, or the ‘Iron Gate,’ on the river Vardhari.

2455 Their district of Doberus is supposed to have been near the modern Doghiran.

2456 It has been suggested that Garescus stood on the same site as the modern Nurocopo. Many of these peoples are now entirely unknown.

2457 The people of Lyncestis, in Macedonia, of Illyrian origin and on the frontiers of Illyria. Lyncus was the ancient capital, Heraclæa the more modern one.

2458 Probably the inhabitants of the slopes of Mount Othrys.

2459 Amantia was properly in Illyria, to the south of the river Aoüs. Leake places it at Nivitza.

2460 A people of the north of Epirus, on the borders of Macedonia. They were said to have derived their name from Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, founded in their territory the town of Argos Oresticum.

2461 A Greek city of Illyria. Dr. Holland discovered its remains at Graditza on the Aoüs or Viosa.

2462 The bulwark of the Macedonian maritime frontier to the south. Leake discovered its site near the modern Malathria.

2463 On the right bank of the river Strymon in Thracian Macedonia. It stood on the site of the modern Zervokhori.

2464 A people of Epirus on the borders of Thessaly.

2465 In Mygdonia, at the mouth of the Axius—King Perseus put all its male inhabitants to death. Its site was at or near the modern Kulakia.

2466 Now Saloniki. Its original name was Thermæ, but it was first made an important city by Cassander, B.C. 315, who gave it its new name in honour of his wife, the sister of Alexander the Great: St. Paul visited it about A.D. 53, and two years after addressed from Corinth two Epistles to his converts in the city.

2467 Polybius says, in Strabo, B. vii., 267 miles.

2468 As already mentioned, Thermæ became merged in Thessalonica, when refounded by Cassander under that name.

2469 Now the Gulf of Saloniki.

2470 This is probably an error. Pydna, already mentioned, lay far inland in the district of Pieria.

2471 On the peninsula of Pallene. Its male inhabitants were put to death by the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war.

2472 Now Capo Paliuri, the extreme point of the Isthmus of Pallene.

2473 The most westerly of the three peninsulas of Chalcidice. Phlegra is generally understood to have been its former name.

2474 Perhaps the same as Nyssa, between the rivers Nestus or Mestus, and Strymon.

2475 Its ruins are now called Pinaka. It was a colony of the Corinthians but refounded by Cassander, King Philip having previously destroyed the city.

2476 South-east of Thessalonica, and north of Chalcidice. It was given by King Philip to the Olynthians.

2477 Near Mount Athos.

2478 Now Molivo, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf, part of which thence took its name.

2479 The name of a promontory at the extremity of the peninsula of Sithonia, in Chalcidice. It seems to correspond with the modern Capo Kartali.

2480 In the district of Chalcidice, on the S.W. of the peninsula of Sithonia.

2481 On the east of the peninsula of Sithonia. It gave its name to the Sinus Singiticus or Singitic Gulf.

2482 Now Monte Santo, at the end of the long peninsula running out from Chalcidice.

2483 This is a mistake. It is only forty miles in length. From Lieut. Smith (Journal of Royal Geogr. Soc. vol. vii. p. 65) we learn that its average breadth is about four miles; consequently Pliny’s statement as to its circumference must be greatly exaggerated. Juvenal, Sat. x. l. 174, mentions the story of the canal as a specimen of Greek falsehood; but distinct traces have survived, to be seen by modern travellers, all the way from the Gulf of Monte Santo to the Bay of Erso in the Gulf of Contessa, except about 200 yards in the middle, which has been probably filled up.

2484 Or Acrothoüm. Pliny, with Strabo and Mela, errs in thinking that it stood on the mountain. It stood on the peninsula only, probably on the site of the modern Lavra.

2485 Or the ‘Heaven City,’ from its elevated position. It was founded by Alexarchus, brother of Cassander, king of Macedon.

2486 Probably on the west side of the peninsula, south of Thyssus.

2487 Or “long-lived.”

2488 Now Erisso; on the east side of the Isthmus, about a mile and a half from the canal of Xerxes. There are ruins here of a large mole.

2489 A little to the north of the Isthmus now called Stavro. It was the birth-place of Aristotle the philosopher, commonly called the Stagirite, and was, in consequence, restored by Philip, by whom it had been destroyed; or, as Pliny says in B. vii. c. 30, by Alexander the Great.

2490 The name of the central one of the three peninsulas projecting from Chalcidice. The poets use the word Sithonius frequently as signifying ‘Thracian.’

2491 Possibly not the same as the Heraclea Sintica previously mentioned.

2492 Now called Pollina, south of Lake Bolbe, on the road from Thessalonica to Amphipolis.

2493 Sacred to Poseidon or Neptune. Now Capo Stavros in Thessaly, the west front of the Gulf of Pagasa, if indeed this is the place here meant.

2494 On the left or eastern bank of the river Strymon, which flowed round it, whence its name Amphi-polis, “round the city.” Its site is now occupied by a village called Neokhorio, in Turkish Jeni-Keni or “Newtown.” A few remains are still to be seen. The bay at the mouth of the Strymon, now Struma or Kara-Sou, is called the Gulf of Orphano.

2495 A Thracian people, extending from the river Strymon on the east to Crestonica on the west.

2496 In Mount Scomius namely, one of the Hæmus or Balkan range.

2497 Under Alexander the Great. On his death his empire was torn in pieces by the contentions of his generals.

2498 In allusion to the legendary accounts of the Indian expeditions of Bacchus and Hercules.

2499 On the conquest of Perseus. Plutarch says that these seventy cities were pillaged in one and the same hour. They were thus punished for their support of Perseus.

2500 Alexander the Great and Paulus Æmilius.

2501 Or præfectures, as the Romans called them.

2502 In the last Chapter.

2503 An extensive tribe occupying the country about the rivers Axius, Strymon, and Nestus or Mestus.

2504 This river is now called the Mesto or Kara-Sou.

2505 A range between the Strymon and the Nestus, now the Pangea or Despoto-Dagh.

2506 Probably a canton or division of the Bessi.

2507 The most powerful people of Thrace; dwelling on both sides of the Artiscus, and on the plain of the Hebrus.

2508 Now the Maritza. It rises near the point where Mount Scomius joins Mount Rhodope. The localities of most of the tribes here named are unknown.

2509 The name of this people is often used by the poets to express the whole of Thrace. The district of Edonis, on the left bank of the Strymon, properly extended from Lake Cercinitis as far east as the river Nestus.

2510 Or “Trouble City,” also called Eumolpias.

2511 Or “Philip’s City,” founded by Philip of Macedon; still called Philippopoli.

2512 Because it stood on a hill with three summits. Under the Roman empire it was the capital of the province of Thracia.

2513 On account probably of the winding nature of the roads; as the height of the Balkan range in no part exceeds 3000 feet. With Theopompus probably originated the erroneous notion among the ancients as to its exceeding height.

2514 The people of Mœsia. The Aorsi and Getæ are again mentioned in C. 25 of this Book.

2515 The inhabitants of the present Bulgaria, it is supposed.

2516 Following the account which represent him as a king of the Cicones, and dwelling in the vicinity of Mount Rhodope. The Sithonii here mentioned dwelt about the mouth of the Ister, or Danube, and were a different people from those of Sithonia, in Chalcidice, referred to in a previous note.

2517 The Sea of Marmora.

2518 It is difficult to conceive which place of this name is here alluded to, as there seem to have been four places on this coast so called, and all mentioned by Pliny in the present Book.

2519 Called Æsyma by Homer; between the rivers Strymon and Nestus.

2520 Now called Kavallo, on the Strymonic Gulf. The site of Datos appears to be unknown.

2521 Now called Filiba, or Felibejik, on a height of Mount Pangæus, on the river Gangites, between the Nestus and the Strymon. It was founded by Philip, on the site of the ancient town of Crenides, in the vicinity of the gold mines. Here Augustus and Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius, B.C. 42; and here the Apostle Paul first preached the Gospel in Europe, A.D. 53. See Acts xvi. 12.

2522 Its site seems unknown, but it is evidently a different place from that mentioned in the last Chapter.

2523 Also called Mestus.

2524 Sintica, previously mentioned.

2525 Now Aco Mamas, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf. It was the most important Greek city on the coast of Macedon. It was taken and destroyed by Philip, B.C. 347, and its inhabitants sold as slaves. Mecyberna, already mentioned, was used as its sea-port.

2526 On the coast, and east of the river Nestus. Its people were proverbial for their stupidity, though it produced the philosophers Democritus, Protagoras, and Anaxarchus. No traces of its site are to be found.

2527 Now called the Lagos Buru. The name of the Bistones is sometimes used by the poets for that of the Thracians in general.

2528 Or mares rather. Diomedes was the son of Ares, or Mars, and king of the Bistones. He was slain by Hercules.

2529 By some identified with the modern Curnu, by others with Bauron.

2530 Or Ismarus, at the foot of Mount Ismarus.

2531 Now Marogna.

2532 A promontory opposite the island of Samothrace.

2533 A town on a promontory of the same name, said to have been frequented by Orpheus.

2534 The Plain of Doriscus is now called the Plain of Romigik. Parisot suggests the true reading here to be 100,000, or, as some MSS. have it, 120,000, there being nothing remarkable in a plain containing 10,000 men. Pliny however does not mention it as being remarkable, but merely suggests that the method used by Xerxes here for numbering his host is worthy of attention.

2535 Now the Maritza. At its mouth it divides into two branches, the eastern forming the port of Stentor.

2536 Still called Enos.

2537 A son of Priam and Hecuba, murdered by Polymnestor, king of the Thracian Chersonesus, to obtain his treasures. See the Æneid, B. iii.

2538 From the Greek, μάκρον τεῖχος.

2539 Now the Gulf of Enos.

2540 Now Ipsala, or Chapsylar, near Keshan.

2541 Now Rodosto, or Rodostshig, on the coast of the Propontis, or Sea of Marmora.

2542 Now called the Peninsula of the Dardanelles, or of Gallipoli. The wall was built to protect it from incursions from the mainland.

2543 He here skips nearly five degrees of latitude, and at once proceeds to the northern parts of Thrace, at the mouth of the Danube, and moves to the south.

2544 Or, the “city of the Ister,” at the south of Lake Halmyris, on the Euxine. Its site is not exactly known; but by some it is supposed to have been the same with that of the modern Kostendsje.

2545 Now Temesvar, or Jegni Pangola, the capital of Scythia Minor. It was said to have been so called from the Greek τέμνω, “to cut,” because Medea here cut to pieces the body of her brother Absyrtus. It is famous as the place of Ovid’s banishment; and here he wrote his ‘Tristia’ and his ‘Pontic Epistles.’

2546 Usually identified with the modern Collat, or Collati.

2547 Its site does not appear to be known, nor yet those of many of the towns here mentioned.

2548 This story no doubt arose from the similarity of its name to γέρανος, “a crane;” the cranes and the Pigmies, according to the poets, being in a state of continual warfare.

2549 Supposed to be the present Varna.

2550 Now called Daphne-Soui, according to D’Anville.

2551 Said to have been built by Aristæus, son of Apollo.

2552 Now Missivri.

2553 Or Anchiale, now Akiali.

2554 Now Sizeboli, famous for its temple of Apollo, with his statue, thirty cubits in height, which Lucullus carried to Rome. In later times it was called Sozopolis.

2555 Now Tiniada.

2556 The present Midjeh, according to D’Anville.

2557 Afterwards called Zagora, which name it still bears.

2558 Or Straits of Constantinople.

2559 Between Galata and Fanar, according to Brotier.

2560 Or Golden Horn; still known by that name.

2561 The site of the present Constantinople.

2562 These rivers do not appear to have been identified.

2563 The present Silivri occupies its site.

2564 An important town of Thrace. Eski Erckli stands on its site.

2565 Now Vizia, or Viza.