Читать книгу The Communication Playbook - Teri Kwal Gamble - Страница 7

1  Preface

2  Acknowledgments

3  About the Authors

4 Chapter 1: Start Right HereWhat Is Communication Presence?SKILL BUILDER: Wi-Fi Me (It’s Not a Question)Communication Choices Are AbundantCommunication Presence and TechnologyAre We Addicted?The UpshotHuman and Social CapitalThe Communication–Success ConnectionWhat Is Communication?Defining CommunicationTypes of CommunicationSKILL BUILDER: Communication Self-Assessment and Future MeEssentials of CommunicationPeopleMessagesChannelsNoiseContextFeedbackEffectVisualizing the Communication Process in ActionA Transactional Model of CommunicationHow Good a Communicator Are You?Communication Is DynamicCommunication Is Unrepeatable and IrreversibleCommunication Has No OppositeEXPLORING DIVERSITY: Focus on HateCulture Influences CommunicationGender Influences CommunicationPersonal Ethics Influence CommunicationCommunication Is Competence BasedDigital and Social Media Are Transforming CommunicationLiving BrandsChanges Have Upsides and DownsidesWhy Do We Communicate?To Gain Self-Understanding and Insight Into OthersTo Form Meaningful RelationshipsTo Influence OthersFor Career DevelopmentCAREER BUILDER: Professional Challenges and Future MeCommunication Skills: Practice Effective Communication

5 Chapter 2: Having Communication Presence in a Multicultural Society and WorldCultures’ Many FacesAttitudes Toward DiversityIs It Different in the Working World?The Many Faces of Intercultural CommunicationWhat Happened to the Melting Pot?The Melting Pot PhilosophyThe Philosophy of Cultural PluralismDiversity Is Reshaping the FutureCulture and CommunicationCulture Is a TeacherWhat We Know About Difference MattersThe Effects of Cultural ImperialismHow We Feel About Difference MattersThe Dangers of EthnocentrismThe Promise of Cultural RelativismOn the Look Out for Stereotypes and PrejudiceCultures Within CulturesInfluences on Cultural Identity and Communication PresenceGender RolesAgeRacial and Ethnic IdentitiesETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Through Others’ EyesReligious IdentitySocioeconomic IdentityGenerational DifferencesThe Greatest GenerationThe Baby BoomGeneration XGeneration Y: The MillennialsiGenerationCAREER BUILDER: Gen-You and Future MeCultures and Co-CulturesCo-Cultures and Communication StrategiesAssimilationAccommodationSeparationCo-Cultures and Communication ApproachesPassive CommunicationAssertive CommunicationMore Aggressive CommunicationSKILL BUILDER: Assessing Ethnocentrism Versus Cultural RelativismDimensions of Culture in ActionIndividualism Versus CollectivismHigh Context Versus Low ContextHigh Power Distance Versus Low Power DistanceMonochronic Versus Polychronic CultureMasculine Versus Feminine CultureInterpreting Cultural DifferencesTechnology and CommunityNeighborhoods Need Not Be RealWe Consciously Can Choose Our NeighborsOther Reasons We Seek Virtual CommunitiesThe Power of DialogueFor Good and BadCommunication Skills: Practice Communicating Interculturally

6 Chapter 3: The “I” Behind the Eye: Perception and the SelfPerception of the Self, Others, and ExperienceWhat Is Perception?Perception Occurs in StagesPerception Is Selective and PersonalEffects of SelectivityAge and Memory Influence PerceptionWe Organize Our PerceptionsThe Figure-Ground PrinciplePerceptual ConstancyPerceptual SchemataClosurePerceiving the “I” Affects Perception of YouLooking at the SelfThe Importance of Self-AwarenessThe Nature of Self-ConceptHow Self-Concept DevelopsThe Connection Between Self-Concept and BehaviorAttribution TheorySelf-EsteemThe Dark Side of Self-EsteemThe Bright Side of Self-EsteemSKILL BUILDER: Me, You, and Popular and Social MediaFactors Affecting Self-Concept and OutlookResilience and GritDeveloping Self-UnderstandingETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Combatting Stigma, Stereotypes, and PrejudiceExpectations Matter: The Self-Fulfilling ProphecyThe Pygmalion EffectReal and Life ExamplesThe Galatea EffectHow to Enhance Self-AwarenessIdentify Life ScriptsUse the Johari WindowInterpersonal Styles in the Johari WindowSKILL BUILDER: Symbolizing the SelfManage ImpressionsIdentify Your Multiple IdentitiesLife Is Like a PerformanceCAREER BUILDER: Work Places and FacesBarriers to Perceiving Yourself and Others ClearlyPast Experiences Follow UsWe Close Our MindWe Freeze Our First ImpressionWe Exhibit the Behaviors of a Lazy PerceiverWe Think We Know It AllWe Blinder OurselvesWe Confuse Facts and InferencesWe Exhibit Deficient Empathy SkillsGender, Self-Concept, and PerceptionStandpoints: Lessons Frame PerceptionsBeliefs Can Blind UsCulture, Self-Concept, and PerceptionBarriers to UnderstandingNotions of the Self Are Culturally BasedDistinctness Stands OutSelf-Concept, Perception, and TechnologyEXPLORING DIVERSITY: Assessing Your Preference for “I” Versus “We”Technology Influences Information ProcessingTechnology Influences Our Online PresenceThe Internet and Social Networks Promote Self–Other ComparisonsTechnology Alters Perceptions of RealityCommunication Skills: Practice Improving Perception of the Self and Others

7 Chapter 4: Communicating With Words: Helping Minds MeetLanguage Is Alive: We Use Words to Share MeaningWords, Things, and ThoughtsThe Triangle of MeaningProblems With the Communication of MeaningUnderstanding Meaning’s MeaningMeanings Are Both Denotative and ConnotativeMeaning Is DatedSKILL BUILDER: A Time Capsule for WordsMeaning Is LocationalExperience Influences MeaningJargonSlangWhether Language Is Concrete or Abstract Influences MeaningBarriers to Understanding: Patterns of MiscommunicationBypassing: Confusing MeaningsLabeling: Mixing Up Words and ThingsCAREER BUILDER: “The Name Game”Polarization: The Missing MiddleEvasive and Emotive LanguageWords Announce Our AttitudesDo You Talk Doublespeak?Politically Correct LanguageSKILL BUILDER: Political Correctness and Free SpeechCulture and LanguageCulture Influences the Words UsedThe Sapir-Whorf HypothesisCultural Differences Can Lead to Confused TranslationsCulture Affects Communication StyleCulture Influences Symbolism and VaguenessPrejudiced TalkLinguistic PrejudiceRacial Code WordsGlobalization’s Effects on LanguageGender and LanguageSexist LanguageNaming PracticesETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: The Words We ChooseGender and Speech StyleConversational StrategiesGender-lectsWords and PowerProfanity and ObscenityProfanity in the WorkplaceReclamation of Profanity and SlursTechnology and Language UseGIFs Front and CenterOnline SpeakInformality, Anonymity, and Inflammatory LanguageCOMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Thinking Critically About Language Use

8 Chapter 5: Nonverbal Messages SpeakCharacteristics of Nonverbal CommunicationWe All Do ItNonverbal Communication Can Be Conscious or UnconsciousFunctions of Nonverbal CommunicationMessage Reinforcement or ComplementationMessage NegationMessage SubstitutionMessage Accentuation or IntensificationMessage RegulationTypes of Nonverbal CommunicationBody Language: KinesicsFacial ExpressionsPromoting Communication Presence Using Facial Management TechniquesUsing Facial Appearance to Interpret and Evaluate Communication PresenceFacial AreasThe Eyebrows and ForeheadThe EyesThe MouthPostureCAREER BUILDER: The Ethics of Achieving StatusGesturesVoice: ParalanguagePitchVolumeRateSilencePersonal CharacteristicsSpace and Distance: Proxemic and Environmental FactorsThe Distance Between UsIntimate DistancePersonal DistanceSocial DistancePublic DistanceSpacesInformal SpaceSemi-Fixed-Feature SpaceFixed-Feature SpaceTerritoriality and Personal SpaceETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Security and Guarded TerritoryAppearanceThe Height FactorThe Weight FactorOther Appearance EffectsClothing and ArtifactsColors: Meanings and AssociationsTime: ChronemicsWait TimeSKILL BUILDER: Assessing Your Use of TimeRush TimeTouch: HapticsTouch EffectsAccessibility to TouchTouch and StatusSmell: OlfacticsEmotional Triggers and RecallTruth, Deception, and Nonverbal CuesWho’s Best at Deception?Gender and Nonverbal BehaviorDominance and AffiliationDress CodesWhose Voice?Culture and Nonverbal BehaviorExpressing Emotion and IntimacyJudgments of BeautyAttitudes Toward Distance and TouchBe Careful Making MeaningTechnology and Nonverbal CommunicationSKILL BUILDER: Assessing Your Virtual PresenceDo Substitutes for Facial Expressions and Gestures Work?Communication Skills: Practice Using and Observing Nonverbal Cues

9 Chapter 6: Listening, Feedback, and Critical ThinkingListening and CommunicationTrue “Not Listening” StoriesWe All Do It!Are You Listening?Listening Is More Than HearingDefining HearingDefining ListeningListening Takes EffortHow Responsive a Listener Are You?Do You Prepare to Listen?Do You Use Listening Time Wisely?Complications Caused by the Digital DomainReview Your Personal SituationDo You Listen Accurately?Do You Listen Ethically?Are You a Receptive Listener?Are You Ready to Listen Beyond Words?Types of ListeningAppreciative ListeningComprehensive ListeningCritical ListeningEmpathic ListeningDecenterSkills to the RescueEmpathic Listening Fosters Healthy RelationshipsThe Stages of Listening: More Than Meets the EarHearingUnderstandingRememberingInterpretingEvaluatingRespondingMore on the Ethics of Listening: Identifying Problem BehaviorsETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Talk, Talk, TalkResponding With FeedbackWhat Is Feedback?Types of FeedbackEvaluative FeedbackPositive Evaluative FeedbackNegative Evaluative FeedbackSKILL BUILDER: Looking at Faulty Listening and Future MeFormative FeedbackNonevaluative FeedbackCAREER BUILDER: Cultural Implications of FeedbackProbingUnderstandingSupportive Feedback“I” MessagesThe Importance of Critical ThinkingWhat Critical Thinkers Think AboutThe Critical Versus the Uncritical ThinkerQuestions to Facilitate Critical ThinkingKeep in Mind the Mindfulness FactorGender and Listening StyleETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Would You Ask for and Listen to Directions?Cultural Influences on ListeningPeople-Oriented ListenersContent-Oriented ListenersAction-Oriented ListenersTime-Oriented ListenersMixing StylesDialogic ListeningTechnology’s Influence on Listening and Critical ThinkingOur Shrinking Attention SpanIs the Computer Really Our “Friend”?Listening EtiquetteWe Are Being OverstimulatedMore Listening WrinklesMore OptionsCrossing BarriersCOMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Listening Skills

10 Chapter 7: Understanding RelationshipsWhat Is An Interpersonal Relationship?Why Relationships MatterWe Need ConnectionsRelationships Fulfill Different EndsSKILL BUILDER: A Self-Assessment of My RelationshipsRelationships Meet NeedsThe Need for InclusionThe Need for ControlThe Need for AffectionThese Needs Are Not All Met at the Same TimeConversing: Connecting Through Interpersonal DialogueTalk MattersCompeting ConcernsBeing Fully PresentThe Five-Step PatternThe OpenFeedforwardGoal ElaborationReflectionThe CloseTake TurnsCAREER BUILDER: The Grapevine and the Gossip MillWho Don’t You Want to Talk To?Relationships Differ in Breadth and DepthSocial Penetration TheorySelf-Disclosure Affects Relationship Breadth and DepthPrivacy Needs Affect Relationship Breadth and DepthAnalyzing RelationshipsRelationship Stages: A Developmental ModelStage 1: InitiatingStage 2: ExperimentingStage 3: IntensifyingStage 4: IntegratingStage 5: BondingStage 6: DifferentiatingStage 7: CircumscribingStage 8: StagnatingStage 9: AvoidingStage 10: TerminationA Special Case: Relationship Termination Caused by a Loved One’s PassingThe Grief ProcessHow Others HelpDigital Media and Relational ProcessesTinder-Like AppsDropping Relationship BreadcrumbsIt’s OverIt Ended . . . but Not ReallyRelationships Come With Costs and BenefitsRelationships Experience TensionsConnection Versus AutonomyPredictability Versus NoveltyOpenness Versus PrivacyDialectical Tension ResolutionsLying, Trust, and RelationshipsThe Effects of LyingWhy Lying Takes a TollETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Self/Other ReflectionThe Effects of TrustThe Trust ParadoxHow Well Do You Tolerate Vulnerability?Hurtful MessagesLaughter as Interpersonal ToolGender and RelationshipsThe Benefits of a Feminist PartnerFlirting MattersWho’s Sorry?Who Engages More With Social Media?Who Focuses on Maintenance?What We ShareCulture and RelationshipsMore on Technology and RelationshipsDoes Technology Help?Popularity Is Quantifiable, but Is This Appropriate?Factors Hampering Relationship Development OnlineSome Find It EasierCommunication Skills: Practice Improving Interpersonal Relationships

11 Chapter 8: Person to Person: Handling Emotions and ConflictFive Factors Contributing to Relationship InterestAttractivenessProximityReinforcementSimilarityComplementarityUnderstanding the Uncertainty FactorStrategies for Reducing Relationship UncertaintyPredicting Relationship OutcomesTypes of RelationshipsAcquaintanceshipsFriendshipsKeeping FriendsA Model of FriendshipVariant Forms of FriendshipRomantic RelationshipsUnique CharacteristicsStages and ChangesDysfunctionsFamily RelationshipsExpectationsHealthy Versus Unhealthy CommunicationEvolving CompositionMaking SenseSKILL BUILDER: My Family NetworkWork RelationshipsCAREER BUILDER: What Attitude Do You Bring to Work?Emotions and RelationshipsWe All Have ThemWe Benefit From Emotional IntelligenceThe Range of EmotionsSKILL BUILDER: The Expression of Angry FeelingsPrimary and Mixed EmotionsAre Feelings Catching?ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Rx for Emotional ContagionExpressing and Sharing FeelingsExpression ProblemsSuppressing and Disclosing FeelingsCensoring FeelingsDisplay RulesGender’s EffectCulture’s EffectPersonal Values Play Their PartEffects of Disclosing FeelingsExperiencing Relational ConflictSources of Relational ConflictCategories of Relational ConflictClassifying Conflict by GoalClassifying Conflict by IntensityClassifying Conflict by TypeClassifying Conflict by FunctionalityManaging Relational ConflictCrazy-Making BehaviorEffective Conflict ManagementConflict Resolution StylesNonassertivenessAggressivenessAssertivenessUse a DESC ScriptGender, Culture, and ConflictGender and ConflictCulture and ConflictTechnology, Relationships, and the Communication of EmotionEffects on Self-ExpressionEgo EffectsETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Computing Relationship StatsTuned Into FeelingsGet RealDrawbacks and ConsequencesCOMMUNICATION Skills: Practice Handling Feelings Effectively

12 Chapter 9: Teamwork: Strategies for Decision Making and Problem SolvingGroups, Teams, and YouDifferentiating Groups and TeamsThe Benefits of Group and TeamworkThe Prevalence of Group and TeamworkCharacteristics and Components of GroupsGroup MembershipGroup SizeGroup Goals, Structure, and ClimateCharacteristics of Effective GroupsThe Dynamics of Group DevelopmentFormingStormingNormingPerformingAdjourningUsing Groups to Make Decisions and Solve ProblemsAdvantages of the Small GroupPooling ResourcesMotivation EnhancementError EliminationBetter Received DecisionsMore Pleasant ExperienceDisadvantages of the Small GroupShirking of ResponsibilityGoal ConflictsDecision DominationRefusal to CompromiseThe Risky ShiftIt Takes LongerETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Golden Rules of Decision MakingWhen to Use a Group for Decision Making and Problem SolvingUnderstanding the Roles Group Members PlayGroup Role-Classification ModelTask-Oriented RolesMaintenance RolesSelf-Serving RolesUnderstanding Group Member RelationshipsCooperation Versus CompetitionSupportiveness Versus DefensivenessWhy We Become DefensiveBehaviors That Raise and Reduce Perceived Threat LevelsEvaluation Versus DescriptionControl Versus Problem OrientationStrategy Versus SpontaneityNeutrality Versus EmpathySuperiority Versus EqualityCertainty Versus ProvisionalismDecision Making In Groups: Reaching GoalsStrategies of Decision MakingThinking About the Effectiveness of Decision-Making MethodsMajority VoteAveragingLet the Expert DecideLet the Leader DecideThe Nominal GroupThe Delphi MethodQuality CirclesDecision by ConsensusEXPLORING DIVERSITY: Group PolarizationFactors to Consider in Weighing Decision Method EffectivenessQuestions for Decision Makers: Facts, Values, and PoliciesQuestions of FactQuestions of ValueQuestions of PolicyA Framework for Decision Making: Reflective ThinkingThe Search for Better Ideas: BrainstormingWhere Ideas Come FromWhat Is Brainstorming?Guidelines for BrainstormingWhat Can Go Wrong?Ways to Foster CreativityFocus on Focus GroupsGender, Culture, Technology, and Group InteractionGender and Group Member BehaviorDecision MakingExercising PowerProblem AnalysisCulture and Group Member BehaviorOpenness to AmbivalenceProblem Solving and Member SatisfactionMember OrientationsGlobalization EffectsGroup Composition and GoalsGenerational DiversityTechnology and GroupsThe Social Network ParadigmBenefits of Online GroupsDrawbacks of Online GroupsCAREER-BUILDER: What Can We Learn From Online Speak?Communication Skills: Practice Tips for Improving Group Communication

13 Chapter 10: Leading Others and Resolving ConflictAPPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP: THE LEADER IN YOUWhat Is Leadership?Leadership StylesType X and Type Y LeadersCAREER BUILDER: Shakespeare, Pop Culture, and Leadership LessonsAutocratic, Laissez-Faire, and Democratic LeadersTheories of LeadershipTrait TheorySituational TheoryFunctional TheoryTransformational TheoryLeading the Way Through Conflict ManagementGoals and Styles: A Conflict GridSteer Clear of GroupthinkSKILL BUILDER: What Kind of Thinker Are You?Cooperative Versus Competitive Conflict: Win-Win or Win-LoseEXPLORING DIVERSITY: Win-WinThe Influence of Gender, Culture, and Technology on Leadership and Conflict ManagementGender, Leadership, and Conflict: Comparing ApproachesGendered Leaders and RelationshipsGendered Leaders and ConflictCulture, Leadership, and Conflict: Comparing ViewsOvercoming Cultural Challenges to Reach Common UnderstandingsETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: My Way or the HighwayLeading Groups and Handling Conflict in CyberspaceCommunication Skills: Practice Tips for Ethical Conflict Management

14 Chapter 11: Public Speaking and YouBUILDING PUBLIC SPEAKING CONFIDENCECAREER BUILDER: TED’s Got TalentUnderstand Your FearsSKILL BUILDER: Self-Assessment of Speaking AnxiousnessUnderstand Sources of Public Speaking AnxietyFear of FailureFear of the UnknownFear of EvaluationFear of Being the Center of AttentionFear of DifferenceFear Due to Cultural BackgroundControlling Speechmaking AnxietyUse Deep-Muscle Relaxation to Overcome Physical SymptomsUse Thought Stopping to Overcome Mental SymptomsUse Visualization to Picture Yourself SucceedingOther TechniquesApproaching Speech Making Systematically: A Primer for Giving Your First SpeechProceed Step-by-StepFirst Landing: Topic Selection and Self-Analysis and Audience AnalysisSecond Landing: Speech Development, Support, and OrganizationThird Landing: Presentation Practice and DeliveryFourth Landing: Postpresentation AnalysisAnalyze YourselfReview Your Life: Your NarrativeConsider the Moment: This MomentSearch the NewsUse TechnologyAnalyze Your AudienceETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: The Magic Bullet of Speech MakingGathering Audience InformationPersonal ExperienceResearchDraw a Demographic ProfileAge ConsiderationsGender ConsiderationsSexual Orientation ConsiderationsFamily OrientationReligionCultural BackgroundOccupationSocioeconomic StatusEducational LevelAdditional ConsiderationsDraw a Psychographic ProfileUnderstand Receivers’ Values, Beliefs, and AttitudesUnderstand How the Audience Perceives YouAnalyze the OccasionDate and Time: When and How Long?Location: Where?Occasion Specifics: Why? How Many?Select Your TopicIs the Topic Worthwhile?Is the Topic Appropriate?Is the Topic Interesting?Is Sufficient Research Material Available on the Topic?Narrow The Topic and Clarify Your PurposeFormulate a Purpose StatementCompose a ThesisIdentify Your Speech’s Main PointsSKILL BUILDER: Score Your SubjectCOMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Tips for Improving Speech Preparation

15 Chapter 12: Researching, Supporting, and Outlining Your SpeechResearch Your TopicResearch Both Online and OfflineGet to Know the LibraryUse Reference WorksUse Online References and DatabasesUse E-MailCheck Newsgroups and SubredditsAccess the World Wide WebBe Certain to Evaluate What You FindConduct Primary ResearchPersonal Observations and ExperienceInformal SurveysInterviewsCAREER BUILDER: What Do They Know?Record Information Derived from ResearchSelect the Best Support PossibleDefinitionsStatisticsExamples and IllustrationsTestimonyComparisons and ContrastsRepetition and RestatementSKILL BUILDER: Reliable Sources & SupportLinear and Configural FormatsLinear Organizational FormatsChronological OrderSpatial OrderCause-and-Effect OrderProblem-and-Solution OrderTopical OrderETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Sound Bites With BiteInternal Previews, Summaries, Transitions, and SignpostsConfigural Organizational FormatsEXPLORING DIVERSITY: Is Attention Cultural?Outlining Your Speech: Building a Speaking FrameworkCreating Your OutlineOutlining PrinciplesBeginnings and EndingsThe IntroductionFunctions of the IntroductionTypes of IntroductionsThe PreviewThe ConclusionFunctions of the ConclusionTypes of ConclusionsA Sample OutlineCOMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Tips for Speech Design and Organization

16 Chapter 13: Using Presentation Aids and Delivering Your SpeechSelecting and Preparing Presentation AidsWhy Use Presentation Aids?Types of Visual AidsObjects and ModelsGraphsDrawings, Photographs, and MapsGuidelines for Evaluating Which Visuals to UseETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Visually SpeakingAudio AidsComputer-Assisted PresentationsPitfalls of PowerPointSKILL BUILDER: Evaluating a PowerPoint PresentationPreparing to SpeakManuscript SpeechesMemorized SpeechesImpromptu SpeechesExtemporaneous SpeechesSound Bite Speaking (Twitter Speak)CAREER BUILDER: Can You Make It Bite Size?RehearsingConduct Tryouts: Rehearse, Refine, RehearseConduct a Visual Tune-UpAttirePostureGesturesMovements and Facial ExpressionsEye-ContactConduct a Vocal Tune-UpConduct a Verbal Tune-UpPreparing for the Q&AThe Rehearsal–Confidence ConnectionPresenting: Keys to RememberBeyond the Presentation: Assessing Your EffectivenessContentOrganizationWordingDeliveryCOMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Tips for Evaluating Your Speech

17 Chapter 14: Informative SpeakingSharing and Conceptualizing InformationAvoid Information Overload or UnderloadCAREER BUILDER: Assessing the Effects of Information OverloadMake It RelevantTypes of Informative PresentationsETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: What Can You Do to Handle the Glut of Information?Speeches About Objects and IdeasSpeaking About an ObjectOrganizing Speeches About ObjectsSpeaking About an IdeaOrganizing Speeches About IdeasSpeeches About Events and PeopleSpeaking About an EventSpeaking About a PersonOrganizing Speeches About Events and PeopleSpeeches About Processes and ProceduresOrganizing Speeches About Processes and ProceduresSKILL BUILDER: Assessing an Informative SpeechGuidelines for Informative SpeakersCreate Information HungerOffer Information BalanceEmphasize Key PointsInvolve the AudienceMake Information MemorableDraw on Novelty and CreativityIntegrate Presentation AidsCommunication Skills: Practice Tips for Achieving Informative Speaking Goals

18 Chapter 15: Persuasive SpeakingThe Purpose of PersuasionGoals of PersuasionTypes of Persuasive SpeechesPropositions of FactOrganizing the Question of Fact SpeechPropositions of ValueOrganizing the Question of Value SpeechPropositions of PolicyOrganizing the Question of Policy SpeechUnderstanding Monroe’s Motivated SequencePersuading Responsibly, Strategically, and CrediblyETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Big and Little LiesBuilding Persuasive CredibilityGuidelines for Persuading EffectivelyBe Clear About Your GoalConsider Receivers’ Attitudes and BeliefsUse the Influence Principles of Consistency and Social ProofGain Your Audience’s AttentionEvoke Relevant Needs and IssuesMake the Audience Feel and ThinkReason LogicallyDeductive ReasoningInductive ReasoningCausal ReasoningReasoning From AnalogyReason EthicallyHasty GeneralizationsPost Hoc Ergo Propter HocSlippery SlopeRed HerringFalse DichotomyFalse DivisionPersonal AttacksGlittering GeneralitiesBandwagon AppealsAppeal to FearAppeal to TraditionAppeal to Misplaced AuthorityStraw ManCAREER BUILDER: Fact Checking Pinocchio at Work and in Public LifePromise a RewardSKILL BUILDER: Assessing a Persuasive SpeechCOMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Tips for Achieving Persuasive Speaking Goals

19 Appendix: Interviewing and Developing Professional RelationshipsThe Employment Interview: Beyond Casual CommunicationEmployer and Employee PerspectivesCommon Interviewee FearsSecuring the Interview: Tools and TasksNetworking and the Job SearchPreparing the Cover Letter and RésuméThe Cover LetterThe RésuméPreliminary PreppingConducting an InterviewStructure: Stages of the InterviewThe OpeningThe BodyThe CloseQuestions: The Heart of the InterviewInterviewee Roles and ResponsibilitiesAssess YourselfPrepare to Withstand PressureIdentify Personal QualificationsS.T.A.R.Interview CategoriesRemember to Ask QuestionsImpression Management and Interviewee PresenceLooking at the Law: Illegal Interview QuestionsDiversity, Technology, and the InterviewCulture and the InterviewTechnology and the Job SearchPersonal Job-Seeking WebsitesElectronic RésumésOnline Interviews and AssessmentOnline Blunders to Avoid

20  Answer Key

21  Glossary

22  Notes

23  Index