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PART I.—INTRODUCTORY.
I. THE OLD POISON-LORE.
Section Page
1. The History of the Poison-lehre—The Origin of Arrow-Poison—Greek Myths, 1
2. Knowledge of the Egyptians relative to Poisons—Distillation of Peach-Water, 2
3. Roman and Greek Knowledge of Poison—Sanction of Suicide among the Ancients—The Classification of Poisons adopted by Dioscorides, 2-4
4. Poisoning among Eastern Nations—Slow Poisons, 4, 5
5. Hebrew Knowledge of Poisons, 5
6. The part which Poison has played in History—Statira—Locusta—Britannicus—The Rise of Anatomy—The Death of Alexander the Great—of Pope Alexander VI.—The Commission of Murder given by Charles le Mauvais—Royal Poisoners—Charles IX.—King John—A Female Poisoner boiled alive, 5-9
7. The Seventeenth Century Italian Schools of Criminal Poisoning—The Council of Ten—John of Ragubo—The Professional Poisoner—J. B. Porta’s Treatise on Natural Magic—Toffana and the “Acquetta di Napoli”—Organic Arsenical Compounds—St. Croix and Madame de Brinvilliers—Extraordinary Precautions for the Preservation from Poison of the Infant Son of Henry VIII., 9-13
II. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN METHODS OF CHEMICALLY DETECTING POISONS.
8. Phases through which the Art of Detecting Poisons has passed, 13
9. Treatise of Barthélémy d’Anglais—Hon. Robert Boyle—Nicolas l’Emery’s Cours de Chimie—Mead’s Mechanical Theory of Poisons—Rise of Modern Chemistry—Scheele’s Discoveries, 13, 14
10. History of Marsh’s Test, 14, 15
11. Orfila and his Traité de Toxicologie—Orfila’s Method of Experiment, 15
12. The Discovery of the Alkaloids—Separation of Narcotine, Morphine, Strychnine, Delphinine, Coniine, Codeine, Atropine, Aconitine, and Hyoscyamine, 15, 16
13. Bibliography of the Chief Works on Toxicology of the Nineteenth Century, 16-19
PART II.
I. DEFINITION OF POISON.
14. The Legal Definition of Poison—English Law as to Poison, 20, 21
15. German Law as to Poisoning—French Law as to Poisoning, 21, 22
16. Scientific Definition of a Poison—The Author’s Definition, 22, 23
II. CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS.
17. Foderé’s, Orfila’s, Casper’s, Taylor’s, and Guy’s Definition of Poisons—Poisons arranged according to their Prominent Effects, 23, 24
18. Kobert’s Classification, 24, 25
19. The Author’s Arrangement, 25-28
III. STATISTICS.
20. Statistics of Poisoning in England and Wales during the Ten Years 1883–92—Various Tables, 28-31
21. German Statistics of Poisoning, 31-33
22. Criminal Poisoning in France, 33, 34
IV. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN TOXIC ACTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
23. The Influence of Hydroxyl—The Replacement of Hydrogen by a Halogen—Bamberger’s Acylic and Aromatic Bases, 35, 36
24. The Replacement of Hydrogen by Alkyls in Aromatic Bodies, 36-38
25. The Influence of Carbonyl Groups, 39
26. Oscar Loew’s Theory as to the Action of Poisons, 39-41
27. Michet’s Experiments on the relative Toxicity of Metals, 41, 42
V. LIFE TESTS: OR THE IDENTIFICATION OF POISON BY EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS.
28. The Action of Poisons on Infusoria, Cephalopoda, Insects, 42-44
29. Effect of Poisons on the Heart of Cold-blooded Animals, 44, 45
30. The Effect of Poisons on the Iris, 45, 46
VI. GENERAL METHOD OF PROCEDURE IN SEARCHING FOR POISON.
31. Concentration in a Vacuum—Drying the Substance—Solvents—Destruction of Organic Matter, 46-50
32. Autenrieth’s General Process—Distillation—Shaking up with Solvents—Isolation of Metals—Investigation of Sulphides Soluble in Ammonium Sulphide—of Sulphides Insoluble in Ammonium Sulphide—Search for Zinc and Chromium—Search for Lead, Silver, and Barium, 50-53
VII. THE SPECTROSCOPE AS AN AID TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN POISONS.
33. The Micro-Spectroscope—Oscar Brasch’s Researches of the Spectra of Colour Reactions—Wave Lengths, 54-56
Examination of Blood or of Blood-Stains.
34. Naked-eye Appearance of Blood-Stains—Dragendorff’s Process for Dissolving Blood, 56, 57
35. Spectroscopic Appearances of Blood—Spectrum of Hydric Sulphide Blood—of Carbon Oxide Hæmoglobin—Methæmoglobin—of Acid Hæmatin—Tests for CO Blood—Piotrowski’s Experiments on CO Blood—Preparation of Hæmatin Crystals—The Guaiacum Test for Blood, 57-62
36. Distinction between the Blood of Animals and Men—The Alkalies in various Species of Blood, 62, 63
PART III.—POISONOUS GASES: CARBON MONOXIDE—CHLORINE—HYDRIC SULPHIDE.
I. CARBON MONOXIDE.
37. Properties of Carbon Monoxide, 64
38. Symptoms—Acute Form—Chronic Form, 64-66
39. Poisonous Action on the Blood—Action on the Nervous System, 66, 67
40. Post-mortem Appearances, 67
41. Mass Poisonings by Carbon Monoxide—The Leeds Case—The Darlaston Cases, 67-70
42. Detection of Carbon Monoxide—The Cuprous Chloride Method—Wanklyn’s Method—Hempel’s Method, 70, 71
II. CHLORINE.
43. Chlorine; its Properties—The Weldon Process of manufacturing “Bleaching Powder,” 71, 72
44. Effects of Chlorine, 72
45. Post-mortem Appearances, 72
46. Detection of Free Chlorine, 72
III. HYDRIC SULPHIDE (SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN).
47. Properties of Hydric Sulphide, 72, 73
48. Effects of breathing Hydric Sulphide—Action on the Blood—The Cleator Moor Case, 73, 74
49. Post-mortem Appearances, 74
50. Detection, 74
PART IV.—ACIDS AND ALKALIES.
Sulphuric Acid—Hydrochloric Acid—Nitric Acid—Acetic Acid—Ammonia—Potash—Soda—Neutral Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts.
I. SULPHURIC ACID.
51. Varieties and Strength of the Sulphuric Acids of Commerce—Properties of the Acid—Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid, 75, 76
52. Properties of Sulphuric Anhydride, 76
53. Occurrence of Free Sulphuric Acid in Nature, 76
54. Statistics—Comparative Statistics of different Countries, 76, 77
55. Accidental, Suicidal, and Criminal Poisoning—Sulphuric Acid in Clysters and Injections, 77, 78
56. Fatal Dose, 78, 79
57. Local Action of Sulphuric Acid—Effects on Mucous Membrane, on the Skin, on Blood, 79, 80
58. Action of Sulphuric Acid on Earth, Grass, Wood, Paper, Carpet, Clothing, Iron—Caution necessary in judging of Spots—Illustrative Case, 80, 81
59. Symptoms—(1) External Effects—(2) Internal Effects in the Gullet and Stomach—Intercostal Neuralgia, 81-83
60. Treatment of Acute Poisoning by the Mineral Acids, 83
61. Post-mortem Appearances—Rapid and Slow Poisoning—Illustrative Cases, 83-85
62. Pathological Preparations in the different London Hospital Museums, 85, 86
63. Chronic Poisoning, 86
Detection and Estimation of Free Sulphuric Acid.
64. General Method of Separating the Free Mineral Acids—The Quinine Process—The Old Process of Extraction by Alcohol—Hilger’s Test for Mineral Acid, 87, 88
65. The Urine—Excretion of Sulphates in Health and Disease—The Characters of the Urine after taking Sulphuric Acid, 88-90
66. The Blood in Sulphuric Acid Poisoning, 90
67. The Question of the Introduction of Sulphates by the Food—Largest possible Amount of Sulphates introduced by this Means—Sulphur of the Bile—Medicinal Sulphates, 90, 91
II. HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
68. General Properties of Hydrochloric Acid—Discovery—Uses—Tests, 91, 92
69. Statistics, 92, 93
70. Fatal Dose, 93
71. Amount of Free Acid in the Gastric Juice, 93, 94
72. Influence of Hydrochloric Acid on Vegetation—Present Law on the Subject of Acid Emanations from Works—The Resistant Powers of various Plants, 94
73. Action on Cloth and Manufactured Articles, 95
74. Poisonous Effects of Hydrochloric Acid Gas—Eulenberg’s Experiments on Rabbits and Pigeons, 95, 96
75. Effects of the Liquid Acid—Absence of Corrosion of the Skin—Pathological Appearances—Illustrative Cases, 96, 97
76. Post-mortem Appearances—Preparations in the different London Museums, 97, 98
77. (1) Detection of Free Hydrochloric Acid—Günzburg’s Test—A. Villiers’s and M. Favolle’s Test—(2) Quantitative Estimation, Sjokvist’s Method—Braun’s Method, 98-101
78. Method of Investigating Hydrochloric Acid Stains on Cloth, &c., 101, 102
III. NITRIC ACID.
79. Properties of Nitric Acid, 102, 103
80. Use in the Arts, 103
81. Statistics, 103
82. Fatal Dose, 104
83. Action on Vegetation, 104
84. Effects of Nitric Acid Vapour—Experiments of Eulenberg and O. Lassar—Fatal Effect on Man, 104, 105
85. Effects of Liquid Nitric Acid—Suicidal, Homicidal, and Accidental Deaths from the Acid, 105, 106
86. Local Action, 106
87. Symptoms—The Constant Development of Gas—Illustrative Cases, 106, 107
88. Post-mortem Appearances—Preparations in various Anatomical Museums, 107-109
89. Detection and Estimation of Nitric Acid, 109, 110
IV. ACETIC ACID.
90. Symptoms and Detection, 110
V. AMMONIA.
91. Properties of Ammonia, 111
92. Uses—Officinal and other Preparations, 111, 112
93. Statistics of Poisoning by Ammonia, 112
94. Poisoning by Ammonia Vapour, 112
95. Symptoms—Illustrative Case, 112, 113
96. Chronic Effects of the Gas, 113
97. Ammonia in Solution—Action on Plants, 113
98. Action on Human Beings and Animal Life—Local Action on Skin—Action on the Blood—Time of Death, 113-115
99. Post-mortem Appearances, 115
100. Separation of Ammonia—Tests, 115, 116
101. Estimation of Ammonia, 116
VI. CAUSTIC POTASH AND SODA.
102. Properties of Potassium Hydrate, 116, 117
103. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 117
104. Carbonate of Potash, 117
105. Bicarbonate of Potash, 117
106. Caustic Soda—Sodium Hydrate, 117, 118
107. Carbonate of Soda, 118
108. Bicarbonate of Soda, 118
109. Statistics, 118
110. Effects on Animal and Vegetable Life, 118, 119
111. Local Effects, 119
112. Symptoms, 119
113. Post-mortem Appearances, 119-121
114. Chemical Analysis, 121
115. Estimation of the Fixed Alkalies, 121, 122
VII. NEUTRAL SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND AMMONIUM SALTS.
116. Relative Toxicity of Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts, 122
117. Sodium Salts, 122
118. Potassium Salts—Potassic Sulphate—Hydropotassic Tartrate—Statistics, 122
119. Action on the Frog’s Heart, 122
120. Action on Warm-Blooded Animals, 122, 123
121. Elimination, 123
122. Nitrate of Potash, 123
123. Statistics, 123
124. Uses in the Arts, 123
125. Action of Nitrates of Sodium and Potassium—Sodic Nitrite, 123, 124
126. Post-mortem Appearances from Poisoning by Potassic Nitrate, 124
127. Potassic Chlorate, 124
128. Uses, 124
129. Poisonous Properties, 124
130. Experiments on Animals, 124, 125
131. Effects on Man—Illustrative Cases of the Poisoning of Children by Potassic Chlorate, 125
132. Effects on Adults—Least Fatal Dose, 126
133. Elimination, 126
134. Essential Action of Potassic Chlorate on the Blood and Tissues, 126
135. Detection and Estimation of Potassic Chlorate, 126, 127
Toxicological Detection of Alkali Salts.
136. Natural occurrence of Potassium and Sodium Salts in the Blood and Tissues—Tests for Potassic and Sodic Salts—Tests for Potassic Nitrate—Tests for Chlorates—Ammonium Salts, 127, 128
PART V.—MORE OR LESS VOLATILE POISONOUS SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION FROM NEUTRAL OR ACID LIQUIDS.
Hydrocarbons—Camphor—Alcohol—Amyl Nitrite—Ether—Chloroform and other Anæsthetics—Chloral—Carbon Bisulphide—Carbolic Acid—Nitro-Benzene—Prussic Acid—Phosphorus.
I. HYDROCARBONS.
1. Petroleum.
137. Petroleum, 129
138. Cymogene, 129
139. Rhigolene, 129
140. Gasolene, 129
141. Benzoline—Distinction between Petroleum-Naphtha, Shale-Naphtha, and Coal-Tar Naphtha, 129, 130
142. Paraffin Oil, 130
143. Effects of Petroleum—Experiments on Rabbits, &c., 130, 131
144. Poisoning by Petroleum—Illustrative Cases, 131
145. Separation and Tests for Petroleum, 131
2. Coal-Tar Naphtha—Benzene.
146. Composition of Commercial Coal-Tar Naphtha, 131
147. Symptoms observed after Swallowing Coal-Tar Naphtha, 132
148. Effects of the Vapour of Benzene, 132
Detection and Separation of Benzene.
149. Separation of Benzene—(1) Purification; (2) Conversion into Nitro-Benzene; (3) Conversion into Aniline, 132, 133
3. Terpenes—Essential Oils—Oil of Turpentine.
150. Properties of the Terpenes, Cedrenes, and Colophenes, 133
4. Oil of Turpentine—Spirits of Turpentine.
151. Terebenthene—Distinction between French and English Turpentine, 133, 134
152. Effects of the Administration of Turpentine, 134
II. CAMPHOR.
153. Properties of Camphor, 135
154. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 135
155. Symptoms of Poisoning by Camphor, 135
156. Post-mortem Appearances, 136
157. Separation from the Contents of the Stomach, 136
III. ALCOHOLS.
1. Ethylic Alcohol.
158. Chemical Properties of Alcohol—Statistics of Poisoning by Alcohol, 136
159. Criminal or Accidental Alcoholic Poisoning, 137
160. Fatal Dose, 137
161. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning by Alcohol, 137, 138
162. Post-mortem Appearances, 138, 139
163. Excretion of Alcohol, 139, 140
Poisons, Their Effects and Detection

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