Читать книгу The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics - Carol A. Chapelle - Страница 234

FRANÇOIS GROSJEAN

Bilinguals communicate differently when they are with monolinguals and when they are with bilinguals who share their languages. Whereas they avoid using their other language(s) with monolinguals, they may call upon it (or them) when interacting with bilinguals, either by changing over completely to the other language(s) or by bringing elements of the other language(s) into the language they are speaking.

This change of behavior, which affects both language production and language perception, has been alluded to by well established researchers over the years. Thus, Weinreich 1966, one of the founding fathers of bilingualism research, wrote in his classic book, Languages in Contact, that bilinguals limit interferences when speaking to monolinguals (he used “interference” as a cover term for any element of the other language), whereas, when speaking to other bilinguals, they use them freely. Other researchers such as Hasselmo 1970 and Baetens Beardsmore 1986 have made similar points. Grosjean has investigated this phenomenon—language mode—in a series of publications (Grosjean, 1985 1989, 1994; see Grosjean, 2001 2008, for reviews).

Figure 1 A visual representation of the language‐mode continuum Note. Two positions on the continuum are illustrated for a person with two languages (A and B): toward the monolingual end (on the left) and toward the bilingual end (on the right). The level of activation of a language (square) is depicted by the degree of darkness (black represents an active language and white an inactive or deactivated one).