Читать книгу The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics - Carol A. Chapelle - Страница 237

The particular language mode bilinguals are in will have an effect on the amount of use of the other (guest) language, the amount and type of mixed language used, the ease of processing of the two languages, and the frequency of base‐language change. For example, in the monolingual mode, the language not being used is deactivated. This prevents a change in base language and limits almost totally the use of code switches and borrowings. However, dynamic interferences—deviations from the language being spoken due to the influence of the other deactivated language(s)—may still take place. In the bilingual mode, bilinguals usually first adopt a base language through the process of language choice and, when needed, bring in the other—guest—language in the form of code switches and borrowings. In addition, the base language itself can be changed, that is, the slightly less activated language becomes the base language, and vice versa. A change of topic, of situation, of interlocutors, and so on, may lead to a change of base language. In perception, a monolingual mode will usually “block out” the other language, leading sometimes to misperceptions if the latter is used, or slower processing. Cheng and Howard 2008 examined the cost of language switching when it was unexpected in one context (monolingual mode) and expected in the other (bilingual mode). They showed a significant reaction‐time difference in the two conditions, thereby illustrating the impact of language mode during perception.