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 Use of a validated pain scale is recommended for identifying treatment needs. Both verbal and non‐verbal scales should be used based on the patient's condition.

 A numeric ranking scale is a subjective method of ranking pain. A typical method is the visual analog scale which uses a line 10 cm long with every centimeter marked as a number. The patient is asked to rank their pain along this scale, with 10 being the worst possible pain. For patients who are cognitively unable to make this association, the faces pain scale is an option with a series of six faces with differing expressions of distress shown. The patient is asked to point to the face that most approximates their current state.

 An objective pain scale can also be used as many patients are unable to actively participate in their own pain assessment due to intubation and sedation or cognitive problems. The two best validated methods are the behavioral pain scale (BPS) and the critical care pain observation tool (CPOT). Additionally, the CPOT has recently been shown to be valid in patients with traumatic brain injury.

 The BPS is comprised of three domains: facial expression, upper limb movement, and compliance with ventilation, each scored from 1 through 4. A total score of 5 or less is considered acceptable pain control.

 The CPOT is comprised of four domains: facial expression, body movements, compliance with the ventilator or vocalization, and muscle tension, each scored from 0 to 2 with a total possible score of 8.