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 Pharmacology:Semisynthetic opioid.Hepatic metabolism, renal elimination.No active metabolites.Onset of action 5–15 minutes, duration of effect 3–4 hours.Elimination half‐life 2–3 hours.

 Drug‐specific side effects:Some histamine release with administration.

 Recommended doses:Bolus: 0.2–0.6 mg IV every 1–2 hours.Infusion: 0.5–3 mg/h.PCA: bolus 0.1–0.5 mg, lockout interval 5–15 minutes.