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 Pharmacology:NMDA antagonist.Hypnotic and analgesic.Active metabolite norketamine.There should be no expectation of decreased opioid use or rates of delirium after a single intraoperative dose of ketamine.Onset of action 30–40 seconds.Elimination half‐life 2–3 hours.

 Side effects:Increased salivation.Potential for increased intracranial pressure (ICP)Potential for sympathetic discharge.Hallucinations: can be attenuated by simultaneous administration of benzodiazepine.Negative inotropy: may be harmful in heart failure patients; further research is warranted.

 Recommended doses:Bolus: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg IV.Infusion: 0.05–0.4 mg/kg/h.