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They are vesicles of spherical shape that contain one or more bilayers of lipoidal structure self-assembled in aqueous media. They range from 50 to 100 nm in size. They have the ability to carry a wide range of composition matrixes and protect the biomolecules (Figure 3.3). They have the advantages of having higher entrapment efficiency of drug, biodegradability, and biocompatible property. They offer active and passive transfer of biomolecule delivery such as proteins and peptides functionalized with specific target ligands to enhance the bioavailability of the drug at a specific site or tissue [32]. For example, a group of researchers conducted a study alternative approach for intravitreal drug administration to treat diabetic retinopathy. They formulated a nanolipid carrier conjugated (NLC) with a repositioned drug (i.e., Itraconazole) surface coated uniformly with cationic polymer chitosan (CS) yielding a positively charged NLC providing prolonged time of ocular retention—interacting with the eye negatively charged mucosal layer. And it also reported an increase in NLC-drug permeation improving its bioavailability for ocular drug delivery system. Hence, the researchers concluded that CS coated Itraconazole NLCs are promising in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy [33].

Figure 3.3 Basic structure of liposomes.