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Colloidal or suspension of gold in the nanometer scale offers different shapes and sides based on the optical property, chemical characteristics, surface modification, and biologically stable and compatible delivery of agents (Figure 3.9). They strongly process the optical properties like photo absorption, light scattering, modified SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering), and fluorescence because of their unparalleled free electron interaction in the nanoparticulate with light. Their investigation and estimations are used in determination of biomarkers in cancer and cardiac diseases; they also have several biomedical therapeutic applications. In a recent research, PEGylation of AuNPs that are conjugated with drugs helps to bypass the RES (reticular endothelial system) clearance. The antibodies can be conjugated to the surface of the gold nanocages and targeted to the cancerous cell receptors. FDA-approved drugs Verigene and Aurimmune in clinical trials (Phase II) are some of the AuNP for particular therapeutic areas. AuNP utilizes the principle of receptor site-specific targeted drug delivery strategy for the development and advances in the application of photothermal medical care, genomic regulations, and choice of drug for treatment for the disease. Hence, the solid spherical colloidal gold nanoparticles of 50 nm and above report of plasmonic photo thermal therapy (PPTT) due to its stronger NIR absorption (near-infrared). The Ab conjugated with AuNPs can be applicable for both PPTT and diagnosis [40].

Figure 3.9 PEG coated gold nanospheres.