Читать книгу Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future - Группа авторов - Страница 45

Many scholars [53–57] reported the ability of different fungi to produce surfactants by using diverse nutrient sources. Earlier, it was documented that Candida sp. were the most common fungal species used for biosurfactant production compared to other fungi. Dubey et al. [58] outlined the application of Candida bombicola in sophorolipid production by using various carbon sources from industrial byproducts. Yarrowia lipolytica is a well‐known fungus used for the synthesis of bioemulsifiers based on lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins [59]. This polysaccharides bioemulsifier improved the cellular hydrophobicity throughout the developmental stages.

Yeast‐based biosurfactant research (Candida sp. Pseudozyma sp. and Yarrowia sp.) has gained the growing interest of researchers [60]. The significant advantage of using yeast for biosurfactant production is its GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, which includes Y. lipolytica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces lactis [61]. GRAS designated organisms are not toxic or pathogenic so their products can be used in the FMCG and pharma companies. Zinjarde et al. [62] demonstrated that extracellular bioemulsifier production occurs once cells reach a stagnant growth phase. It has been shown that Y. lipolytica NCIM 3589 screened from the ocean sites produces a cell wall‐associated emulsifier (a mixture of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein) using alkanes or crude oil. Fontes et al. [63] described another bioemulsifier type Yansan, produced from the Y. lipolytica wild strain, IMUFRJ 50682, in glucose‐enriched fermentation media of molasses.

Pseudozyma and Torulopis are the second most explored yeasts preceded by Candida for biosurfactant production. Stüwer et al. [64] reported the production of sophorolipids derived from Torulopis apicola on agricultural waste under lab conditions. Similarly, Vacheron et al. [65] also reported sophorolipid production from Torulopis petrophilum under different growth parameters by using waste materials. Morita et al. (2007) reported Candida antarctica and Pseudozyma rugulosa as Glycolipid (Mannosylerythritol lipids) producing yeasts, which have superior vesicle‐producing and surface‐active properties. Sarubbo et al. [66] reported biosurfactant production by using Y. lipolytica strain in the fermentation medium enriched with protein (47%), carbohydrate (45%), and lipids (5%), where glucose was the primary carbon source utilized for biosurfactant production.