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In the growth medium, the hydrocarbons are emulsified by ionic surfactants excreted by some of the bacteria and yeast. Pseudomonas sp. that produce rhamnolipids (RLs) and Torulopsis sp. that are mainly involved in the production of sophorolipids are some examples of these groups of biosurfactants [35, 36].

Some bacterial species have the ability to alter their cell membrane structure by producing some nonionic or lipopolysaccharide biosurfactants. Examples of some nonionic trehalose corynomycolates producing bacterial strains are: Rhodococcus erythropolis, Arthrobacter sp., and various Mycobacterium sp. [37]. Acinetobacter sp. produce lipopolysaccharides, such as emulsan, and Bacillus subtilis produces extensive quantities of lipoproteins, such as surfactin and subtilisin [38, 39]. Table 4.1 depicts biosurfactants produced by various strains of bacteria.

Table 4.1 Biosurfactants derived from bacteria.

Bacteria	Biosurfactant
Serratia marcescens	Serrawettin
Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis	Polyol lipids
Rhodococcus erythropolis, Corynebacterium sp. Mycobacterium sp., Arhtrobacter sp., Nocardia erythropolis	Trehalose lipids
Pseudomonas sp., Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Agrobacterium sp.	Ornithine lipids
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Leuconostoc mesenteriods	Viscosin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Serratia rubidea	Rhamnolipids
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Debaryomyces polmorphus	Carbohydrate‐lipid
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Protein PA
Lactobacillus fermentum	Diglycosyl diglycerides