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Pathways for transcutaneous drug delivery include transepidermal (intercellular and intracellular) and transappendageal (hair follicles, sweat ducts, and sebaceous glands) pathways [4] (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Transcellular or intracellular movement entails the use of an aqueous pore through the degradation of corneodesmosomes. Transappendageal transportation consists of movement through follicular and glandular structures. Intercellular movement involves the lipid lamellae of the intercellular spaces where most solute substances permeate across intercellular lipid avenues. a Epidermis (SC). b Dermis. c Subcutaneous layer.