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Over the past few years, vesicular-based systems have been increasingly used as a compelling means of transcutaneous delivery of various therapeutic agents. A vesicular-based system consists of a concentric lamellar structure with an aqueous core surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer [28]. These systems provide multiple opportunities for the entrapment of hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic drugs. Mechanisms of drug transport involve improving drug solubility, drug partitioning into the skin, and fluidizing SC lipids [29]. Vesicular-based systems consist of three main carriers: liposomes, transfersomes (ultra-deformable liposomes), and ethosomes [30] (Table 1).

Fig. 2. Structure of a liposome.