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Ethosomes

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Godin and Touitou [40] developed the third generation of liposomes, called ethosomes. An ethosome is composed of an aqueous core, phospholipid bilayer, and ethanol (20–45%). The incorporation of high ethanol concentration, which differentiates ethosomes from other vesicular-based carriers, confers a negative charge to the liposomes which causes the vesicular size to decrease to the nanometer range, thus enhancing their skin permeation capacity. They also have higher elasticity, typically 10–30 times higher than conventional liposomes [40, 41]. Unlike transfersomes, ethosomes are able to improve the skin delivery of drugs both under occlusive and nonocclusive conditions. The addition of ethanol in ethosomes may contribute to their superior delivery properties, which can lead to the systemic absorption of drugs encapsulated within ethosomes [41]. The potential of ethosomes for irritation and systemic absorption in addition to their long-term safety needs further exploration. Ethosomal delivery systems dramatically enhance skin permeation of minoxidil and have been used in the delivery of hyaluronic acid [4244].

Cosmeceuticals

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