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All the responses of the questionnaire survey were summed up and RUGs were decided on a ranking basis (Fisher 2004). The Kanwar wetland resource users were categorized into three groups, namely Landowner, Laborer, and Business. The maximum (53%) respondents belonged to the labor group, followed by the landowner (27%) and small‐scale business (20%) groups. The landowners had their registered land of a good amount (>20 katha, i.e. 0.3 ha), whereas the other two groups did not have registered land. These groups used to get land on lease from landowners. The labor group population was deprived in education, pakka housing, and land (Table 2.7). Their annual income was in the range of INR 12 500–25 000 household/year, which was less than the landowners (INR 25 000–125 000 household/year) and business (INR 15 000–50 000 household/year). The source of income of all RUGs was mainly based on agricultural yields. Most of the RUG population was unemployed and directly dependent for their livelihood on different materials from the wetland (Table 2.8).

Table 2.6 Changes in village‐wise population and number of households.

S. no.	Village	Population	Number of households
		2001	2011	Change	% change	Rate (per year)	2001	2011	Change	% change	Rate (per year)
1	Manjhaul	31 261	35 905	4644	14.86	465	5336	7372	2036	38.16	204
2	Jaimangalpur	1774	2309	535	30.16	53.5	373	507	134	35.92	14
3	Jaimangalgarh	538	731	193	35.87	20	130	175	45	34.62	5
4	Ekamba	4803	6923	2120	44.14	212	793	1471	678	85.50	68
5	Parora	4251	6353	2102	49.45	211	792	1275	483	60.98	49
6	Narayanpiper	5396	7451	2055	38.08	206	1015	1541	526	51.82	53
7	Sakra	3354	4416	1062	31.66	107	591	973	382	64.64	39
8	Rajaur	4420	6075	1655	37.44	166	832	1391	559	67.19	56
9	Kanausi	2179	3831	1652	75.81	166	454	857	403	88.77	41
10	Manikpur	2849	3150	301	10.57	31	507	611	104	20.51	11
	Total	60 825	77 144	16 319	26.86	1632	10 823	16 173	5350	49.43	535

Figure 2.11 Village‐wise literacy.

Table 2.7 Socio‐economic characteristics of three resource user groups based on a questionnaire survey (N = 147).

S. no.	Characteristics	Labor	Landowner	Business
1	Households (%)	53.06	26.53	20.41
2	Average household size	7.2	6.4	6.6
3	Literacy (%)	31	46	42
4	Pakka houses (%)	31	81	41
5	Electrified households (%)	13	81	31
6	Cattle owning households (%)	82.4	76.34	41.65
7	Landholding (mean ± SD) (ha)	0.015 ± 0.003	1.6 ± 0.72	0.4 ± 0.08
8	Involved in agriculture (%)	92	100	85
9	Engaged in other services (%)	–	21	–
10	Unemployment (%)	78	–	–
11	Average household income (INR/household/year)	18 500 ± 2532	60 000 ± 2632	37 000 ± 1236