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The Central Pollution Board (CPCB) listed 17 groups of the most polluting industrial sectors that contribute to environmental degradation in terms of particulate matter, gases, and effluents. Currently, 77% of industries contribute to water pollution, while 15% contribute to air pollution and the remaining 8% to air and water contamination (Annual Report 2004–2009).

The industries that rely on natural resources are the most polluting and are rising rapidly. Depending upon the pollution load generated and the water extracted by industries, they are classified into three major groups: (i) major water‐intensive industries, including tanneries, slaughterhouses, pulp and paper, textile, breweries and soft drinks, etc.; (ii) moderate water‐consuming industries, including canning industries, roller and flour mills, and food products; (iii) industries using water for sanitation, including electrical and electronic industries, woods, rubber, glass, wax, paint, and plastic (http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/33831/4/chapter4.pdf).

The Government of India, Ministry of Environment Forestry and Climate Change (MoEFCC) classifies all industries as red, orange, and green based on their ability to cause pollution: red –high polluting; orange – less polluting; and green – nonpolluting industries. The MoEFCC has developed industrial sector categorization criteria based on the Pollution Index which is a feature of emissions (air pollutants), effluents (water pollutants), produced hazardous waste, and resource consumption. They are classified as follows (MOI 2019).

 Industrial sectors having a Pollution Index score of 60 and above – red category

 Industrial sectors having a Pollution Index score of 41–59 – orange category

 Industrial sectors having a Pollution Index score of 21–40 – green category

 Industrial sectors having a Pollution Index score ≤20 – white category