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MoEFCC notified 17 categories of GPIs engaged in different production systems (https://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletters/PollutingIndustries.pdf):

 Chlor alkali/copper smelting

 Integrated iron industry/dyes and intermediates

 Sugar

 Distilleries

 Fertilizers

 Cement plants

 Petrochemicals

 Pulp and paper

 Pesticides

 Tanneries

 Textile and dye industries

 Oil refineries

 Pharmaceutical

 Zinc smelting

 Copper smelting

 Aluminum smelting

 Thermal power plants

Most of these industries are situated near riverbanks where the untreated/partially treated wastewater is discharged directly into river bodies thereby deteriorating water quality (Paul 2017). Wastewater generated from industries results from the production process and the final effluent includes both residual wastewater and final treated effluent. The report of the Ministry of Water Resource (MoWR) concluded that around 62% of wastewater is generated from large and medium‐scale industries whereas small‐scale industries generate 32% of wastewater. Water consumption in the Indian industrial sector is 2–3.5 more per unit of production compared with similar plants operating in other countries (www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/grossly‐polluting‐industries‐more‐than‐doubled‐in‐8‐years‐soe‐in‐figures‐64962). Some major industries and their discharged pollutants are discussed in the following sections.