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Al-Ma’idah 5: 43–4

and were you to judge between them judge with justice. Surely Allah loves the just.34 (43) Yet how will they appoint you a judge when they have the Torah with them, wherein there is Allah’s judgement – and still they turn away from it? The fact is, they are not believers.

(44) Surely We revealed the Torah, wherein there is Guid- ance and Light. Thereby did Prophets – who had submitted themselves (to Allah) – judge for the Judaized folk; and so did the scholars and jurists.35 They judged by the Book of Allah for they had been en- trusted to keep it and bear witness to it. So, (O Jews), do not fear human beings but fear Me, and do not barter away My signs for a trivial gain. ▶

34 Until then the Jews had not become full-fledged subjects of the Islamic state. Their relations with that state were simply based on agreements. They were, therefore, not legally bound to submit their disputes either to the Prophet (peace be on him) for adjudication or to the judges appointed by him. But in cases where it seemed detrimental to their interests to have their disputes settled according to their own religious law they approached the Prophet (peace be on him) in the hope that the Prophet would give a different ruling and they would thereby escape the application of their own religious law.

35 Rabbani = religious scholars, theologians. Ahbar = religious jurists.

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