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 Patients in the ICU are faced with unique challenges predisposing them to a malnourished state. This includes systemic infections, pronounced blood loss, mechanical ventilator support, multiorgan failure, limitation to volitional intake, and prolonged bed rest.

 Critically ill patients present with a hypermetabolic state, which is marked by increased energy requirements, simultaneous protein synthesis and breakdown, increased lipolysis, and increased insulin resistance.

 There has been a direct link between poor nutritional status and worse hospital outcomes including wound healing, iatrogenic infections, prolonged ventilator dependence, renal insufficiency, and endocrine dysfunction.

 These factors have to be kept in mind while assessing and supporting the patient’s nutritional needs. Enteral nutrition refers to the administration of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral nutrition refers to the intravenous administration of nutrients.