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 There is a substantial amount of evidence to suggest that stress‐induced hyperglycemia or hospital‐related hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality when compared with hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.

 Multiple factors contribute to hyperglycemia in the critically ill non‐diabetic patient such as stress hormones and inflammatory mediators causing insulin resistance and an increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis. Nonetheless, the question that remains unanswered is whether the resultant hyperglycemia is a direct cause of mortality or simply an indicator of the severity of illness.

 The effects of hyperglycemia in the critically ill patient include leukocyte dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and hypercoagulability and have also been associated with myocardial injury and increase in stroke size.

 Recent evidence has suggested that stress‐induced hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia secondary to diabetes do not have the same mortality risk. Stress‐induced hyperglycemia is associated with worse outcome, including increased risk of infection and increased length of stay compared with diabetic hyperglycemia.