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 Caloric requirements during critical illness are increased. If these are unmet by the dietary intake it will lead to a catabolic state with breakdown of a patient’s protein and lipid reserves.

 Overfeeding is as harmful as underfeeding as it leads to excess production of CO2, potentially exacerbating respiratory failure and fatty deposition in the liver and other organs.

 A patient’s response to nutritional support is altered by the underlying stress of illness. Care needs to be taken to ensure that metabolic derangements such as hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia are not precipitated or worsened.

 Micronutrients including minerals, vitamins, and trace elements are essential components of nutritional therapy in critically ill patients. Their deficiency can present with systemic disorders.