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Some of the genes cloned from papaya and transformed into papaya have involved fruit ripening (Neupane et al., 1998; Sew et al., 2007; Magdalita et al., 2013; Sekeli et al., 2014; Table 6.1.2). Ubiquitin proteins have important roles in response to ripening. Three genes for ubiquitin proteins, CpUBI1, CpUBI2 and CpUBI3, were isolated from papaya fruit and may be involved in ripening and softening (Geng et al., 2016); however, they were not transformed into papaya to confirm their effects on fruit ripening.

Table 6.1.2. Summary of non-virus papaya transformation projects.^a

The gene for PRSV resistance from V. pubescens was identified as a serine–threonine kinase (Dillon et al., 2006a). It was meant to be introduced into papaya, but the project was not completed (M.R. Razean Haireen, Malaysia, 2018, personal communication).