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Kotter (1990a) describes the differences between leadership and management in the following way: Leadership is about creating change. He says that leaders establish direction, align people through empowerment, and motivate and inspire others toward achieving a vision and creating meaningful change; whereas managers focus on managing, defined as planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, problem solving, and controlling complexity. Complexity has to do with interdependence; being dependent on others to carry out our work. Interdependence requires coordination and cooperation. Managers engage in controlling complexity to produce predictability, stability, and order (Kotter, 1990b).

Nurses function as leaders when they demonstrate leadership characteristics in their personal and professional roles and work with other nurses and health care staff to lead patients, families, and communities to their best health. See Table 1.1 for examples of selected nursing leadership characteristics and personal and professional role activities.

Table 1.1 Nursing Leadership Characteristics and Role Activities

Nursing leadership characteristics.	Examples of personal and professional nursing role activities,
Leadership establishes direction.	Nurses set personal, professional, and patient care goals.
Leadership aligns people through empowerment.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they model high quality practices as they work to empower and mentor other nurses.
Leadership motivates and inspires others toward achieving a vision and creating meaningful change.	Nurses motivate members of the interprofessional health care team toward the delivery of safe, evidence‐based, patient‐centered, high quality care
Leadership is about service.	Service is helping others or doing work for others. The profession of nursing is founded on serving others in need of health care. Leadership is serving others through leading. This concept has been popularized as servant leadership (Greenleaf, 1970/2008; Keith, 2016). The premise is that servant leaders want to serve first, whereas other leaders lead first.
Leadership is about people and relationships.	Nurses demonstrate leadership and play roles in patient outcomes when they build relationships with patients and their significant others (Wong & Cummings, 2007).
Leadership is contextual.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they adjust their leadership styles, to achieve nursing goals. A major context evolves around the interrelationships that nurses have with others (Spence Laschinger, Finegan, & Wilk, 2009).
Leadership is about using communication that inspires others.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they monitor the meaning of what is being communicated, both verbally and nonverbally, and manage the situation to achieve goals for all involved, using communication that is clear and inspiring
Leadership is about balancing.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they multitask and balance all that they do to achieve nursing goals. Leadership is also about pursuing a work and life balance in order to sustain one's personal and professional self and be available for others.
Leadership is about continuous learning and improvement.	Nurses demonstrate leadership by developing personal and professional goals and continuing to grow their knowledge and expertise.
Leadership is about effective decision making.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they make effective, evidence‐based decisions. Nurses must be autonomous in their decision making yet also work with other health care team members to assure the best care for their patients (Wong & Cummings, 2009).
Leadership is a political process.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they participate in the hospital and in the community, join hospital and community Boards of Directors, and participate in various political processes locally and globally.
Leadership is about integrity.	Nurses demonstrate leadership when they consistently model integrity, honesty, fairness, and morality.

Note: Adapted from Moore, J. (2004). Leadership: Lessons learned. Terre Haute, Indiana, and the author's personal observations.