Читать книгу Kelly Vana's Nursing Leadership and Management - Группа авторов - Страница 35

Fielder (1967) is credited with the development of the contingency model of leadership effectiveness. Fielder's theory of leadership effectiveness views the pattern of leader behavior as dependent upon the interaction of the personality of the leader and the needs of the situation. The needs of the situation or how favorable the situation is toward the leader involves leader‐member relationships, the degree of task structure, and the leader's position of power (Fielder, 1967). Leader‐member relations are the feelings and attitudes of followers regarding acceptance, trust, and credibility of the leader. Good leader‐member relations exist when followers respect, trust, and have confidence in the leader. Poor leader‐member relations reflect distrust, a lack of confidence and respect, and dissatisfaction with the leader by the followers

Task structure refers to the degree to which work is defined, with specific procedures, explicit directions, and goals. High task structure involves routine, predictable, clearly defined work tasks. Low task structure involves work that is not routine, predictable, or clearly defined, such as creative, artistic, or qualitative research activities.

Position power is the degree of formal authority and influence associated with the leader. High position power is favorable for the leader, and low position power is unfavorable. When all dimensions—leader‐member relations, task structure, and position power—are high, the situation is favorable to the leader. When these dimensions are low, the situation is not favorable to the leader. In both circumstances, Fielder showed that a task‐directed leader, concerned with task accomplishment, was effective. When the range of favorableness is intermediate or moderate, a human relations leader, concerned about people, was most effective. These situations need a leader with interpersonal and relationship skills to foster group achievement. Fielder's contingency theory is an approach that matches the organizational situation to the most favorable leadership style for that situation.