Читать книгу Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia - Группа авторов - Страница 110

 Rare in horses.

 Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with limited cardiac output, increased neurohumoral activity, sodium retention, edema in tissues and transudation of fluid into body cavities.Valvular disease is the most common cause of (CHF) in the horse.Horses with CHF are at an extremely high anesthetic risk.